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The goal of this randomized control trial is to test if contemplating in nature could benefit spiritual well-being in general adults. The main question it aims to answer is:
Does a 2-week contemplative nature intervention improve spiritual well-being?
Participants in the intervention condition will walk for 10 minutes and then choose a nice spot to sit for 10 minutes. During these minutes they will be asked to be silently present and observe trees, plants, flowers, or other aspects of nature and contemplate their connectedness to nature and their own awareness. Then walk back 10 minutes.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contemplative nature intervention | Experimental | Participants will spend 30 minutes in nature per day for 10 times over 14 days. Participants will walk for 10 minutes and then choose a nice spot to sit for 10 minutes. During these minutes they will be asked to be silently present and observe trees, plants, flowers, or other aspects of nature and contemplate their connectedness to nature and their own awareness. Then walk back 10 minutes. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contemplating in nature | Behavioral | Participants will spend 30 minutes in nature per day for 10 times over 14 days. Each time, participants will walk for 10 minutes and then choose a nice spot to sit for 10 minutes. During these minutes they will be asked to be silently present and observe trees, plants, flowers or other aspects of nature and contemplate their connectedness to nature and their own awareness. Then walk back 10 minutes. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Spiritual well-being assessed by Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List Short Form (SAIL-SF) | On a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 6 (to a very high degree), respondents rate in how far they think specific statements about spiritual well-being apply to themselves. Higher scores indicate higher scores of spiritual well-being. | Change from baseline to post-intervention at 2 weeks. |
| Spiritual well-being assessed by Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List Short Form (SAIL-SF) | On a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 6 (to a very high degree), respondents rate in how far they think specific statements about spiritual well-being apply to themselves. Higher scores indicate higher scores of spiritual well-being. | Change from Baseline to Short-term follow-up at 1 month. |
| Spiritual well-being assessed by Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List Short Form (SAIL-SF) | On a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 6 (to a very high degree), respondents rate in how far they think specific statements about spiritual well-being apply to themselves. Higher scores indicate higher scores of spiritual well-being. | Change from baseline to longer-term follow-up at 3 months. |
| Spiritual well-being assessed by Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) | The non-theistic items from DSES will be used. Ranging from 1 (multiple times a day) to 6 (never). The item responses were reverse coded prior to analysis so that larger values would reflect a higher level of daily spiritual experiences. | Change from baseline to post-intervention at 2 weeks. |
| Spiritual well-being assessed by Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) | The non-theistic items from DSES will be used. Ranging from 1 (multiple times a day) to 6 (never). The item responses were reverse coded prior to analysis so that larger values would reflect a higher level of daily spiritual experiences. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Client satisfaction of intervention condition assessed by Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) | A Likert scale scored from 1 (low satisfaction) to 4 (high satisfaction). Higher score means higher satisfaction with the intervention. | From post-intervention to short-term follow-up at 1 month. |
| Client satisfaction of active control condition assessed by Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
- NA.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ernst Bohlmeijer, Prof. Dr. | University of Twente | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Twente | Enschede | Overijssel | 7522NB | Netherlands |
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| Change from baseline to short-term follow-up at 1 month. |
| Spiritual well-being assessed by Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) | The non-theistic items from DSES will be used. Ranging from 1 (multiple times a day) to 6 (never). The item responses were reverse coded prior to analysis so that larger values would reflect a higher level of daily spiritual experiences. | Change from baseline to longer-term follow-up at 3 months. |
A Likert scale scored from 1 (low satisfaction) to 4 (high satisfaction). Higher score means higher satisfaction with the intervention. |
| From post-intervention to short-term follow-up at 1 month. |
| Client satisfaction of passive control condition assessed by Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) | A Likert scale scored from 1 (low satisfaction) to 4 (high satisfaction). Higher score means higher satisfaction with the intervention. | From post-intervention to longer term follow-up at 3 months. |
| Nature connectedness assessed by Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) | Items are rated on a 5-point scale with endpoints 1 (strongly disagree) and 5 (strongly agree). Higher score means higher sense of oneness with the natural world. | Change from baseline to post-intervention at 2 weeks. |
| Nature connectedness assessed by Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) | Items are rated on a 5-point scale with endpoints 1 (strongly disagree) and 5 (strongly agree). Higher score means higher sense of oneness with the natural world. | Change from baseline to short-term follow-up at 1 month. |
| Nature connectedness assessed by Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) | Items are rated on a 5-point scale with endpoints 1 (strongly disagree) and 5 (strongly agree). Higher score means higher sense of oneness with the natural world. | Change from baseline to longer-term follow-up at 3 months. |
| Nature connectedness assessed by the single item Inclusion of Nature with Self scale (INS) | Participants were asked to select one of seven different sets of overlapping circles labeled ''self'' and ''nature.'' Scores ranged from 1 (where the circles touched but did not overlap) to 7 (where the two circles entirely overlapped). | Change from baseline to post-intervention at 2 weeks. |
| Nature connectedness assessed by the single item Inclusion of Nature with Self scale (INS) | Participants were asked to select one of seven different sets of overlapping circles labeled ''self'' and ''nature.'' Scores ranged from 1 (where the circles touched but did not overlap) to 7 (where the two circles entirely overlapped). | Change from baseline to short-term follow-up at 1 month. |
| Nature connectedness assessed by the single item Inclusion of Nature with Self scale (INS) | Participants were asked to select one of seven different sets of overlapping circles labeled ''self'' and ''nature.'' Scores ranged from 1 (where the circles touched but did not overlap) to 7 (where the two circles entirely overlapped). | Change from baseline to longer-term follow-up at 3 months. |
| Well-being assessed by Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) | A 6-point Likert scale scored from "never" to "every day". Higher score means higher level of well-being. | Change from baseline to post-intervention at 2 weeks. |
| Well-being assessed by Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) | A 6-point Likert scale scored from "never" to "every day". Higher score means higher level of well-being. | Change from baseline to short-term follow-up at 1 month. |
| Well-being assessed by Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) | A 6-point Likert scale scored from "never" to "every day". Higher score means higher level of well-being. | Change from baseline to longer-term follow-up at 3 months. |
| Psychological well-being assessed by Brief INSPIRE-O | A 5-point Likert scale scored from 0 (not at all) to 4 (a lot). Higher score means higher psychological well-being. | Change from baseline to post-intervention at 2 weeks. |
| Psychological well-being assessed by Brief INSPIRE-O | A 5-point Likert scale scored from 0 (not at all) to 4 (a lot). Higher score means higher psychological well-being. | Change from baseline to short-term follow-up at 1 month. |
| Psychological well-being assessed by Brief INSPIRE-O | A 5-point Likert scale scored from 0 (not at all) to 4 (a lot). Higher score means higher psychological well-being. | Change from baseline to longer-term follow-up at 3 months. |
| Stress assessed by Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | A 5-point Likert scale scored from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). Higher score means higher level of perceived stress. | Change from baseline to post-intervention at 2 weeks. |
| Stress assessed by Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | A 5-point Likert scale scored from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). Higher score means higher level of perceived stress. | Change from baseline to short-term follow-up at 1 month. |
| Stress assessed by Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | A 5-point Likert scale scored from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). Higher score means higher level of perceived stress. | Change from baseline to longer-term follow-up at 3 months. |