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This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a 6-week Caregivers Of dementia Processing Emotions (COPE) program using the integrative therapy to reduce EE (primary outcome) in family caregiver of PLwD to alleviate the caregivers' depression, improve social dynamic with the PLwD, and mitigate the perceived stress from BPSD (secondary outcomes).
A dual-modal (face-to-face and online approaches), client-customized Caregivers Of dementia Processing Emotions (COPE) program can be developed to address EE in caregivers, such as (1) reduce caregivers' EE, (2) reduce caregivers' depressive symptoms, (3) reduce the behaviorally interactive social dynamic of maladaptation (i.e., dysfunctional dyadic relationship and quality of care), and (4) improve caregivers' perceived stress from PLwD's BPSD.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| COPE program | Experimental | a 6-week Caregivers Of dementia Processing Emotions (COPE) program using the integrative therapy to reduce EE (primary outcome) in family caregiver of PLwD to alleviate the caregivers' depression, improve social dynamic with the PLwD, and mitigate the perceived stress from BPSD (secondary outcomes) |
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| Waitlist control | No Intervention | Participants in the waitlist control group, in comparison to those in the intervention group who receive treatment immediately, are placed on a waiting list and receive the same set of intervention sessions after the formal trial. This approach ensures participants have equal opportunity to receive treatment while strengthening the study's validity and overall quality by maximally controlling for potential confounding variables and biases |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caregivers Of dementia Processing Emotions (COPE) program | Behavioral | a dual-modal (face-to-face and online approaches), client-customized Caregivers Of dementia Processing Emotions (COPE) program |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Expressed emotions | Family Attitude Scale - Chinese version (FAS-C) will measure caregivers' EE (i.e., criticism and hostility) held towards the PLwD. FAS-C items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating a higher level of EE.(Kavanagh et al., 1997; Van Humbeeck et al., 2002) Its Cronbach's alpha has been reported as 0.95, with evidence of good construct validity | From baseline to 3rd month followup |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| depressive symptoms | The 20-item The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) will assess caregivers' depression, with higher scores representing greater depressive levels on a 4-point scale.(Radloff, 1977) Its internal consistency Cronbach's alpha is 0.88 in the Chinese population, while its internal reliability is 0.91 and with evidence of construct validity.(Sebern & Whitlatch, 2007; Y. Zhang et al., 2015) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shuangzhou Chen, PhD | Contact | 852 3917 6395 | szchen@hku.hk |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Shuangzhou Chen, PhD | The University of Hong Kong | Principal Investigator |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003863 | Depression |
| D000084802 | Caregiver Burden |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D013315 | Stress, Psychological |
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controlled arm with waitlist treatment
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| From baseline to 3rd month followup |
| social dynamics | Social dynamics will be measured in the aspects of dyadic relationships and quality of care. First, the 11-item Dyadic Relationship Scale (DRS) will evaluate caregivers' perspective of dyadic and family relationships in their daily caregiving activities, with a higher score indicating positive dyadic interactions; and Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 with desirable construct validity and concurrent validity.(Sebern & Whitlatch, 2007) Second, the 4-item Interaction Quality Scale (IQS) will measure the quality of care on a 6-point Likert scale, with a higher score indicating better quality of care.(Cundiff et al., 2016) IQS has desirable test-retest reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96) and construct validity.(Joseph et al., 2014) | From baseline to 3rd month followup |
| BPSD | The 12-item Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) will assess the severity of BPSD manifested in PLwD reported by their caregivers.(Cummings, 1997) NPI comprises three levels, with higher scores indicating severer BPSD symptoms. Its test-retest reliability was 0.79 for the overall scale, and between 0.89 and 0.93 for subdomains.(Chen et al., 2018; Cummings, 1997) | From baseline to 3rd month followup |