This is a cluster randomized controlled trial to to evaluate the individual and health system impacts of implementing a new physiotherapist-led primary care model for hip and knee pain in Canada.

Arthritis is one of the leading causes of pain, disability, and reduced quality of life in patients. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, especially in the hips and knees, which affects over four million Canadians. OA places a huge burden on society, in terms of both direct and indirect costs, including lost time at work, lost years of productivity, and decreased quality of life. People living with OA complain of chronic pain and negative impacts on their quality of life. For many, the first point of contact for their OA is their primary care provider. Due to the rise in patients seeking support through primary care and the shortage of care providers and the high burden on these providers, patients often do not receive timely access to care. Additionally, for patients without primary care providers, their first point of contact for their OA is often the emergency department (ED), which contributes to long wait times and staff burnout. The need for integrative models of care has been advocated for as an evidenced-informed and patient-centered approach to managing patients with OA.

In Canada, federal and provincial governments have identified that interprofessional teams with complementary skillsets are required to address patients' multiple needs and to improve the effectiveness of the healthcare system. Research from other health conditions suggests team-based primary care can improve access to appropriate care, coordination of care, and patient outcomes. One example of such an integrated model of care is having a physiotherapist (PT) as the first point of contact within interprofessional primary care teams. PTs can provide a comprehensive and efficient management strategy for patients presenting to their primary care provider with complaints related to hip and knee OA. This model of care has the potential to improve patient outcomes and positively influence the current challenges within the healthcare system.

The study seeks to address the following research questions:

1. Is a PT-led primary care model for hip and knee pain effective at improving function (primary outcome), pain intensity, quality of life, global rating of change, patient satisfaction, and adverse events compared to usual physician-led primary care, when evaluated over a one-year period from the initial consultation?
2. What is the impact of a PT-led primary care model for hip and knee pain on the health system and society (healthcare access, physician workload, healthcare utilization, missed work, cost-effectiveness), evaluated over a one-year period from initial consultation? A process evaluation will be used to understand the process of implementing a PT-led primary care model, potential mechanisms of the interventions, context of delivery, and perceptions of patients and primary care providers toward the PT-led primary care model for hip and knee pain.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Adults >= 19 years who ask to book a primary care visits where the primary reason is for hip or knee pain of any duration.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Cannot understand, read, and write English
• Known cancer causing hip or knee pain

There is no plan to share individual IPD with other researchers.

Due to the nature of the new model of care and comparison, it is not possible to blind the patient participants or health care providers. Since the primary outcomes are self-reported outcome measures, the assessor is also not blind to the intervention.