moraxella catarrhalis is responsible for respiratory tract infection in children and adults with streptococcus pneumonia and haemophilus influenza.Moraxella catarrhalis is gram negative diplococci, non-motile and non spore bearing bacteria. Until, 1995 it was considered as a non pathogenic respiratory tract flora.This bacteria is an important pathogen and a common cause of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, sinusitis and conjunctivitis in infants, children and in elderly patients. In adults, M. catarrhalis also causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia. However, it is associated with a number of respiratory infections affecting both children and adults, including laryngitis, bronchitis and pneumonia .

This institution is polymicrobial community with other pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza (Sethi and Murphy, 2008). The pathogenicity of M. catarrhalis is mediated by several virulence genes, including the ubiquitous surface protein genes A1 (uspA1) and A2 (uspA2), which encode virulence factors that promote colonization and successful host infections (Bernhard S et al.,2012).Bacterium was first isolated in 1896, it was considered to be a harmless commensal of the upper respiratory tract for a long period of time. The bacterium rapidly colonizes the nasopharynx soon after birth asymptomatically (Blakeway et al., 2017).

Inclusion Criteria:

• all children with bacterial pneumonia

Exclusion Criteria:

• viral pneumonia , tuberculosis and immunocompromised

children with respiratory tract infection

ethical consideration