Detection and characterization of pain by clinical evaluations, biochemical analysis and instrumental tests

Standardized scales and questionnaires to detect and characterize pain, blood sample for pain biomarkers, neurophysiological tests

To detect the prevalence of pain in verbal patients with RASopathies by using VAS (visual analogue scale) or NRS (numeric rating sclae). Both scales include a range from 0 to 10 where 0 represents no pain, 1-3 range represents mild pain, 4-6 range represents moderate pain and 7-10 range represents severe pain.

To detect the prevalence of pain in no-communicating patients with RASopathies by using FLACC scale. The FLACC Scale includes 5 behavioral categories: facial expression, leg movement, bodily activity, cry or verbalization, and consolability. The parents rated their child's pain at its worst within the preceding 24 h in each category on a scale of 0 to 2, thus an overall pain score ranging from 0 to 10.

To detect pain location (one site or multiple body sites) by showing a body map (front and back)