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This is a quantifiable study evaluating the ability of a mixed reality (MR), immersive simulation experience to evoke empathy in anesthesiology trainees. Quantitative methodologies will be employed using standardized questionnaires including the The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy for Health Professions Students, (HP-version). Trainees will assess their preliminary, baseline empathy using the Jefferson Scale and after the simulation and debrief, will reassess empathy scores, once again using the Jefferson Scale. A satisfaction survey to assess simulated patient embodiment as a valuable exercise and contributor to empathy education curriculum.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mixed Reality Group | Experimental | In the MR group, the simulation instructor will explain the scope of the simulation embodiment experience and equip a weighted vest on the participant as they are asked to lay on a hospital patient gurney, seated upright. The participant, who is wearing a weighted vest to simulate an anterior mediastinal mass, will be asked to be seated upright and will view various holograms including vitals monitors, hear hospital related sounds via the headset, and also see additional holographic assets including intravenous polls and a defibrillator as well as experience heat (simulating a fever) from heat lamps. The simulation instructor will play the role of a physician who is using good communication skills based on the Calgary-Cambridge Guide to review a scripted consent for a high risk biopsy under sedation that may require life saving interventions such as extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO). |
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| Control | Active Comparator | In the control group, there will be no headset, no heat lamps, and no weighted vest and the participant will rely on their imagination to embody the teenager while lying in the simulation room bed while being consented for the same procedure as the MR group. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mixed Reality (MR) | Behavioral | Mixed Reality simulation of medical crisis scenarios. MR headset - a device that the participants will wear over their head and eyes and will add holographic elements to a live view of workplace training scenario |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in self-reported empathy from before and after the simulation | Measured with Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy for physicians and other practicing health professionals (HP-Version). The survey contains 20 item with 7-point scale, 1 indicates strongly disagree and 7 indicates strongly agree (a higher number on the scale indicates more agreement). | baseline, immediately after the intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Satisfaction of Design Features of the Simulation | Measured by Simulation Design Scale. The simulation design scale consists of 20 items in total. In the first stage, in order to evaluate whether the items used in the simulation method were given in the best way for the participant, they were expressed as strongly disagree, disagree, undecided, agree, strongly agree. The survey contains 20 item with 5-point scale, 1 indicates strongly disagree and 5 indicates strongly agree (a higher number on the scale indicates more agreement). In the second stage, there are statements that will determine the level of importance of the scale items for the participant, not important, partially important, undecided, important, very important. The survey contains 20 item with 5-point scale, 1 indicates not important and 5 indicates very important (a higher number on the scale indicates more important). In the evaluation phase, the scale score is calculated by dividing the total and the total of the sub-dimensions by the number of items. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford | Palo Alto | California | 94303 | United States |
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| Control | Behavioral | Tradition simulation of medical crisis scenarios. |
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| immediately after the intervention |
| Evaluation of the CHARM system's usability | Measured by System Usability Scale (SUS). The scale has 10 items. Scores ranges from 1-5 (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree) | immediately after simulation |
| Evaluation of the CHARM system's ergonomics | Measured by the ISO Ergonomic scale. The scale has 6 items. Scores ranges from 1-5 (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree) | immediately after simulation |