The common symptoms of rhinitis include nasal itching, sneezing, anterior or posterior nasal leakage, and nasal congestion. Rhinitis can be classified as allergic rhinitis (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) based on the presence of a specific allergen. Increasing evidence showed that gut microbiota can influence the development of AR. Although few studies have reported the association between NAR and gut microbiota, we found that washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) could improve nasal symptoms, whether it is AR or NAR. This clinical trial aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of WMT for rhinitis.

Rhinitis affects approximately 20%-40% of the global population, with its incidence increasing every year. And rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa, with multiple nasal symptoms, including nasal itching, sneezing, anterior or posterior nasal leakage, and nasal congestion. Besides, rhinitis has also induced secretory otitis media, sinusitis, nasal polyps, and induce or aggravate asthma and other diseases, which affects patients and carries a huge economic burden.

Rhinitis can be classified as allergic rhinitis (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) based on the presence of a specific allergen. AR is an allergic chronic inflammatory disease of the nose that involves a variety of inflammatory cells, inflammatory factors, and neurotransmitters, which affects approximately 500 million individuals worldwide. As for NAR, there are relatively few studies, however, it affects the lives of more than 200 million individuals worldwide. Although its etiology is unclear, it involves multiple factors, among which immune factors play an important role in NAR pathogenesis.

Increasing evidence showed that gut microbiota can influence the development of AR. Fecal Microbiota transplantation (FMT), the most classic way to treat diseases using gut microbiota, refers to the transplantation of functional microbiota in the feces of healthy people into the intestines of patients. It can reconstruct the overall gut microbiota of patients, thus treating gastrointestinal disease and external gastrointestinal diseases of patients. Washed microbiota transplantation (WMT), a new stage of FMT, is based on the automatic microfiltration machine (GenFMTer, Nanjing, China) and the following repeated centrifugation plus suspension with support from specific facilities. Compared with manual FMT, WMT can reduce the rate of adverseevents (such as fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, abdominal distension, nausea and vomiting, etc.) without affecting the efficacy.

In clinical practice, we found that WMT could significantly improve the nasal symptoms of AR. Although few studies have reported the association between NAR and gut microbiota, the therapeutic effect of WMT on NAR was also often observed. This clinical trial aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of WMT for rhinitis.

Inclusion Criteria:

Subjects must meet all of the following inclusion criteria to enter the study:

1. Age ≥ 6 years.

2. Patient should have two or more nasal symptoms （nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, nasal itching, and sneezing） for at least 1 hour daily.

3. Reflective total nasal symptom score ≥ 4

4. The subject or his/her legal representative gives informed consent, fully understands the purpose of the study, is able to communicate effectively with the investigator, and comprehends and complies with the requirements set forth in the study.

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Exclusion Criteria:

Subjects meeting any of the following exclusion criteria must be excluded from the study:

1. Patients with acute infectious rhinitis or upper respiratory tract infection.

2. Patients diagnosed with chronic sinusitis, severe nasal septum deviation, nasal polyps, nasal tumors, and other nasal diseases by nasal endoscopy and sinus CT.

3. Antibiotics, PPI, probiotics, and other drugs that alter gut microbiota were used in the previous week.

4. Patients with uncontrolled severe asthma

5. Patients with severe liver, kidney, and heart diseases

6. Patients with known psychiatric or neurological diseases.

7. Patients who were unable or unwilling to undergo a gastroscopy or colonoscopy.

8. According to the judgment of the investigator, the subjects are not suitable to participate in this clinical study, or participation in this clinical study cannot guarantee the rights and interests of the subjects.

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