This group is asked to do 10 min/day practice of neurofeedback mindfulness for 8 weeks. They should sit comfortably in a quiet area and do one of ten beginner self-guided mindfulness sessions on mind-body scanning techniques from within the MUSE app. Each session includes a brief explanation for 2-3 minutes before the practice. Once the participants start their practices, they receive sounds for their real-time brain activities: thunderstorm for an active state, ocean waves for a neutral state, and birds chirping for a relaxed state. For each five seconds of consistent relaxed state, the participants are reinforced with points.

The participants in the controlled intervention group are assigned to have an attention routine in a relaxed position. They are required to sit comfortably and relax in a quiet area to put on their MUSE headband, set it up, and use the same practices on MUSE app but they will mute all the neurofeedback sounds and instructions. Instead, on their smartphone the participants will check their emails, the news, or their preferred social media platform for 10 minutes. Once the session is over, the participants receive the graphical feedback of their brain activities. The feedback includes a timeline indicating their brain states (active, or relaxed) during the 10-minute session.

The participants in this group are informed about being appointed in the waitlisted group and that we will only be collecting headache data from them for 8 weeks. They will complete the questionnaires for three rounds (i.e., Week 1, Week 4, and Week 8) and information about their headaches will be collected via the headache diaries. After 8 weeks, they will receive the MUSE device and will be offered a complementary session on how to use the device for their personal use. A debriefing form will be emailed to all the participants after completion of the study.

The participants will use a portable EEG headband (MUSE) which is a noninvasive tool for collecting EEG data. They will receive real-time EEG data given an audio feedback while doing their daily mindfulness practice.

measured by Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS)

measured by Headache Impact Test-short form (HIT-6)

measured by Headache Management Self-Efficacy Scale

measured by Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS)

measured by BECK Anxiety Inventory (BAI)

measured by The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D)