The intervention group receives supervised resistance training instructions and baseline treatment for sarcopenia and diabetes:

• Resistance training with elastic bands aims to increase muscle strength and muscle mass of the upper and lower limbs. Training duration 12 weeks, frequency 2 times/week, intensity gradually increases.
• Baseline treatment for diabetes and sarcopenia: Recommendations according to American Diabetes Association guidelines which include instructions to follow the diet and exercises as recommended for older type 2 diabetic patients and baseline treatment for sarcopenia (education about sarcopenia and treatment measures such as diet and exercise) and provide basic information on resistance training.

The control group receives the baseline treatment for diabetes and sarcopenia:

- Recommendations according to American Diabetes Association guidelines which include instructions to follow the diet and exercises as recommended for older type 2 diabetic patients and baseline treatment for sarcopenia (education about sarcopenia and treatment measures such as diet and exercise) and provide basic information on resistance training.

Progressive resistance training includes face-to-face education on resistance training:

Resistance exercises with elastic bands include 9 exercises for 1 course. During the first 4 weeks, the patient exercises twice a week with a level of exertion according to Borg's category-ratio 10 (CR10) scale of 4-5 points. For the next 4 weeks, the patient exercises twice a week with Borg's CR10 exertion level of 6-7 points. In the last 4 weeks, the patient exercises twice a week with Borg's CR10 exertion level of 8-9 points.

The three-month intervention involves twelve weekly calls, with a focus on building rapport (e.g. providing feedback on the baseline assessment); education reinforcement on resistance training; and skill-building (e.g. self-monitoring and resistance training diary). The emphasis is on helping participants to gain the knowledge and skills necessary to achieve targeted intensity. Every 4 weeks, all patients are re-visited by investigators in the hospital.

Handgrip strength is assessed using a hand dynamometer named Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer: the higher number the better outcome.

4-metre gait speed test (the shorter time the better outcome)

The Short Physical Performance Battery developed by the National Institute on Aging: scores ranging from 0 (worst) to 12 (best)

Upper and lower muscle mass are measured by Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method, using a machine model named InBody 770: the higher number the better outcome.

Nutritional status is assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA-SF): scores ranging from 0 (worst) to 14 (best)