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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Danish Defence | UNKNOWN |
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Improving oxygenation and ventilation in drowning patients early in the field is critical and may be lifesaving. This may be achieved by helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) such as the Danish Air Ambulance, or the Royal Danish Air Force's Search And Rescue (SAR) helicopters. The SAR operates in all weather conditions and is equipped with a hoist system, able to hoist patients from the sea or small ships without helipads. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of drowning missions attended by the Royal Danish Air Force's SAR helicopter and describe patient characteristics and prehospital interventions.
The national Danish Drowning Cohort contains data on all fatal and non-fatal drowning patients treated by the Emergency Medical Services. However, data on drowning patients treated by the SAR helicopters is reported in a separate system.
The population of drowning patients treated by the SAR helicopters has never been described, thus contributing to the potential underreporting of the most critically ill drowning patients in Denmark. Given the rarity of drowning, registry-based studies are needed to provide patient characteristics and evaluate critical care interventions performed on this group of patients.
This study aims to identify and describe a national cohort of drowning patients at sea treated by the Royal Danish Air Force's SAR helicopters from 2014 to 2023.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fatal drowning | Prehospital mortality following a drowning incident, defined as a dichotomous variable (dead or alive) evaluated at case termination. Patients admitted to the hospital with cardiac arrest were considered fatal drowning incidents in this study. |
| |
| Non-fatal drowning | Drowning incidents where the patient had spontaneous circulation at hospital admission. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drowning incident | Other | Patients categorized as drowning have been experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion or immersion in liquid and needing rescue by the Royal Danish Air Force's Search and Rescue (SAR) helicopters. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Annual incidence of drowning treated by the Danish SAR helicopters from 2014-2023 | The incidence will be reported as the annual number of cases. | 1 year |
| Annual incidence rate of drowning treated by the Danish SAR helicopters from 2014-2023 | The incidence rate as the annual number of cases per 100,000 person-years. | 1 year |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Spatial distribution of drowning patients treated by the Danish SAR helicopters from 2014-2023 | The spatial distribution of drowning incidents will be displayed on a map of Denmark, with each case presented with a single entry based on the geographical coordinates of the incident. | The map will display all drowning incidents treated by the Danish SAR helicopters from 2014-2023. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Drowning patients will be identified through manual validation of the Royal Danish Air Force's SAR helicopter's records using the internationally accepted definitions of fatal and non-fatal drowning incidents.
Drowning was defined by the WHO in 2002 as "the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion or immersion in liquid".
If the incident involved submersion or immersion, but the patient did not experience respiratory impairment, the incident was categorised as a water rescue.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Helle Collatz Christensen, Ass. Prof. | Prehospital Center, Region Zealand | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prehospital Center | Næstved | Region Sjælland | 4700 | Denmark |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37619443 | Background | Breindahl N, Wolthers SA, Jensen TW, Holgersen MG, Blomberg SNF, Steinmetz J, Christensen HC; Danish Cardiac Arrest Group. Danish Drowning Formula for identification of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from drowning. Am J Emerg Med. 2023 Nov;73:55-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.08.024. Epub 2023 Aug 15. | |
| 38448994 | Background |
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The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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| Breindahl N, Wolthers SA, Moller TP, Blomberg SNF, Steinmetz J, Christensen HC; Danish Drowning Validation Group. Characteristics and critical care interventions in drowning patients treated by the Danish Air Ambulance from 2016 to 2021: a nationwide registry-based study with 30-day follow-up. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2024 Mar 6;32(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s13049-024-01189-y. |
| 39885431 | Derived | Breindahl N, Bitzer K, Sorensen OB, Wildenschild A, Wolthers SA, Lindskou T, Steinmetz J, Blomberg SNF, Christensen HC; Danish Drowning Validation Group. The Danish Drowning Cohort: Utstein-style data from fatal and non-fatal drowning incidents in Denmark. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2025 Jan 30;25(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s12874-025-02483-8. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004332 | Drowning |
| D000860 | Hypoxia |
| D015701 | Near Drowning |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003643 | Death |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| D012818 | Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
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