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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Instituto de Salud Carlos III | OTHER_GOV |
| Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba | OTHER |
| Universidad de Córdoba | OTHER |
| Institut Investigacio Sanitaria Pere Virgili |
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Childhood obesity is a major public health problem worldwide. Europe has a high prevalence of obesity, which is accentuated in Mediterranean countries. Spain has a high prevalence of both overweight (percentage: 21.5 in boys and 22.2 in girls) and obesity (percentage: 10.6 in boys and 11.8 in girls) in children aged 6-9 years.
From childhood, obesity is associated with an increased risk of diseases such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, musculoskeletal problems, sleep disorders and mental health problems. Obesity is a complex, multi-causal problem involving individual risk factors such as behavior and genetics. Behavioral factors include diet, physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, sleep, and others. It is therefore important to study each of the individual risk factors for obesity. There are few large sample studies in European/Spanish children and no longitudinal studies estimating the incidence of obesity in preschool children based on exposure to different risk factors, considering not only the effect of food consumption but also dietary habits and patterns.
The aim of the present study is to identify risk factors for childhood obesity through long-term longitudinal follow-up.
This is a longitudinal, multi-centre prospective cohort study of children aged 3-6 years with annual data collection for an average follow-up of 10 years.
The main objective of the present study is to identify risk factors for childhood obesity through long-term longitudinal follow-up. At least 2,214 participants are required.
The specific objectives are as follows:
Study design
The selection visit includes:
A) The administration of a face-to-face questionnaire to check eligibility criteria. Only if the participant is eligible the screening visit will proceed to b).
B) Explanation and clarification of any doubts about the study, delivery of the study information sheet to the participant and completion of the informed consent form signed by both parents (essential for inclusion in the study).
C) The family will be provided with a 3-day prospective food record (2 working days and 1 weekend day), the general data collection booklet and the following questionnaires: adherence of the primary tutor to the Mediterranean diet, dietary behavior, psychosocial, active lifestyle, sedentary behavior and sleep patterns. These questionnaires are to be returned at the next visit.
D) Instructions and bottles for collecting biological samples are given.
Inclusion visit includes:
After the inclusion visit, the participant will undergo two types of follow-up visits in which the following evaluations will be made:
Follow-up visits - Years 01, 02, 04, 06, 07, 08 and 09
Follow-up visits - Years 03, 05 and 10 Completion of all questionnaires and determinations corresponding to the inclusion visit.
A window of ±3 months of the corresponding follow-up year since the inclusion visit is allowed.
Justification: The results of this study could help to understand and act on the key determinant factors of the epidemic of overweight and obesity in children.
Long-term follow-up of a large cohort is necessary to develop strategies to combat the serious consequences that overweight and obesity cause on the spanish public health system. This is an important objective and a clear public health priority, since it addresses both the main epidemic of our time (childhood overweight/obesity) as the main cause of healthcare expenditure at increasingly younger ages that makes the current healthcare system unviable (chronic diseases).
The project involves a large number of children from early childhood and follows them over time, covering the key ages for the establishment of dietary habits, lifestyles and adipose rebound. The study can allow the transfer and translation to the general population and the integration of epidemiological, clinical and basic aspects in the proposed research.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| CORALS | Children aged 3-6 years |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Assessment of dietary intake and habits | The habitual intake of the child is assessed by using the food and drink frequency questionnaire and the 14-point Mediterranean diet adherence questionnaire. In addition, a food behaviour questionnaire is administered to the child's parents or primary caregiver. | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Assessment of physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep pattern | Sedentary activities are assessed by means of an ad hoc questionnaire on the time children spend watching television, using computers, cell phones, video games and consoles, as well as their sleep patterns. Likewise, physical activity is assessed by (1) an ad hoc questionnaire to determine the active lifestyle of the children and (2) an accelerometries (half of the participants). | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Early risk factors | The parents of the children are asked to fill out a general questionnaire that request information regarding: personal and family history related to pregnancy, diseases, lifestyle, toxic habits, weight gain, lifestyle, toxic habits, and others. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Body composition: Height | Height in centimeters is measured with the SECA 213 precision measuring instrument on an annual basis. | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Body composition: Weight | Weight in grams is measured by the precision weighing scale model Tanita 780PMA on an annual basis. | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Association between genetic polymorphisms, metabolomic and metagenomic profiles with the development of obesity. | Aliquots of plasma, serum, and leukocyte layer are to be stored for DNA isolation for genetic/epigenetic analysis to investigate genetic, metabolomic, and epigenetic associations with the development of obesity. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Children aged 3-6 years.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mercedes Gil | Universidad de Córdoba | Principal Investigator |
| Nancy E Babio | University Rovira i Virgili | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Santiago de Compostela | Santiago de Compostela | La Coruña | 15782 | Spain | ||
| University of Navarra |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41499920 | Derived | Vazquez-Bolea N, Mora-Martinez C, Cuervo M, Martinez JA, Gil-Campos M, Leis R, Babio N, Moreno LA, Corella D, Moreira Echeverria A, Aguilera CM, Castro-Collado C, Picans-Leis R, Hernandez-Cacho A, Miguel-Berges ML, Martin-Climent P, Jurado-Castro JM, Vazquez-Cobela R, Plaza-Diaz J, Rueda-De Torre I, Pastor-Villaescusa B, de la Torre-Aguilar MJ, Salas-Salvado J, Sanz Y, Navas-Carretero S. Gut microbiota composition and derived enterotypes are associated with ponderal status in preschool children. Childhood obesity risk assessment longitudinal study (CORALS) cohort. Clin Nutr. 2026 Feb;57:106558. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2025.106558. Epub 2025 Dec 29. | |
| 40490568 |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Official website of the study. On this page you will find general information about the study, the participating teams and their contacts, as well as the latest news about the study. | View source |
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The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to data regulations and for ethical reasons, considering that this information might compromise research participants' consent because our participants only gave their consent for the use of their data by the original team of investigators. Collaboration for data analyses can be requested to estudiocoral@corals.es
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D063766 | Pediatric Obesity |
| D057185 | Sedentary Behavior |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
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| OTHER |
| University Rovira i Virgili | OTHER |
| Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición | OTHER |
| Universidad de Zaragoza | OTHER |
| University of Valencia | OTHER |
| University of Navarra | OTHER |
| Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago | OTHER |
| University of Santiago de Compostela | OTHER |
| Health Research Institute of Santiago | OTHER |
| Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM) | OTHER |
| Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia de Cordoba | OTHER_GOV |
| Universidad de Granada | OTHER |
| Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada | UNKNOWN |
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Urine, blood and stools
| Body composition: Body mass index |
Body mass index in kilograms per square meter is calculated on an annual basis. |
| 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Body composition: Waist circumference | Waist circumference in centimeters is measured with a SECA 201 precision measuring tape on an annual basis. | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Psychosocial and neuropsychological behavioral assessment | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), an internationally recognized and validated questionnaire is used to assess the general behavior. The questionnaire is to be answered by the parents/tutor on an individual basis, focusing on the behavior of his/her son/daughter during the last 6 months. This questionnaire covers emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity-inattention, peer problems, and prosocial behavior. The SDQ contains 5 subscales (4 dysadaptive and 1 adaptive [prosocial scale]). Each has a range of 0 to 10 points. The SDQ score range is 0-40 points (excluding the prosocial scale), with 0 being considered normality. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Verbal fluency | Normative data from phonological and semantic verbal fluency tests (VFT) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations is followed to assess verbal fluency, one of the most sensitive indicators of cognitive development, especially executive function. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Muscular strength | Muscle strength is assessed by measuring both hand grip strength in kilograms and lower body explosive strength - a long jump with the feet together- in centimeters. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Cardiorespiratory endurance | Cardiorespiratory endurance is assessed in minutes by using the Course Navette test. The number of completed series is recorded. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Body composition: Waist height | Waist height in centimeters is measured on an annual basis. | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Body composition: Fat mass | Fat mass both in kilograms and in percentage is measured on an annual basis. | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Body composition: Fat mass index | Fat mass index in kilograms per square meter is calculated on an annual basis. | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Body composition: Fat-free mass | Fat-free mass in kilograms is measured on an annual basis. | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Body composition: Total body water | Total body water both in kilograms and in percentage is measured on an annual basis. | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Systolic blood pressure measurement | On an annual basis, the systolic blood pressure is measured in mmHg in triplicate in order to obtain an average value. | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Diastolic blood pressure measurement | On an annual basis, the diastolic blood pressure is measured in mmHg in triplicate in order to obtain an average value. | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Heart rate measurement | On an annual basis, the heart rate is measured in beats per minute in triplicate in order to obtain an average value. | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: Hemoglobine | Hemoglobin levels are determined in grams per deciliter on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: Hematocrite | Hematocrite levels are determined in percentage on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: Erythrocytes | Erythrocytes count is measured in 10e06 units per microliter on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: Mean corpuscular volume | Mean corpuscular volume is measured in femtoliters on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin | Mean corpuscular hemoglobine is measured in picograms on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration | Mean corpuscular hemoglobine concentration is measured in grams per deciliter on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: Red cell blood distribution width | Red cell blood distribution width is determined in percentage on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: White blood cells | White blood cells count is measured in 10e03 units per microliter on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: Neutrophils | Neutrophils count is measured both in 10e03 units per microliter and in percentage on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: Lymphocytes | Lymphocytes count is measured both in 10e03 units per microliter and in percentage on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: Monocytes | Monocytes count is measured both in 10e03 units per microliter and in percentage on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: Eosinophils | Eosinophils count is measured both in 10e03 units per microliter and in percentage on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: Basophiles | Basophiles count is measured both in 10e03 units per microliter and in percentage on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: Platelets | Platelets count is measured in 10e03 units per microliter on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Hematological analysis: Mean platelet volume | Mean platelet volume is measured in femtoliters on an individual basis. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Glucose | Glucose is measured in milligrams per deciliter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Bilirubin | Total bilirubin is measured in milligrams per deciliter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Creatinine | Creatinine is measured in milligrams per deciliter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Urate | Urate is measured in milligrams per deciliter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Urea | Urea is measured in milligrams per deciliter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Total protein | Total protein is measured both in grams per deciliter and in grams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Aspartate aminotransferase | Aspartate aminotransferase is measured in international units per liter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Alanine aminotransferase | Alanine aminotransferase is measured in international units per liter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Gamma-glutamyl transferase | Gamma-glutamyl transferase is measured in international units per liter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Alkaline phosphatase | Alkaline phosphatase is measured in international units per liter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Total cholesterol | Total cholesterol is measured in milligrams per deciliter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: High density lipoproteins | High density lipoproteins (HDL) are measured in milligrams per deciliter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Non-HDL cholesterol | Non-HDL cholesterol levels are calculated in milligrams per deciliter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Low density lipoproteins | Low density lipoproteins (LDL) are measured in milligrams per deciliter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Apolipoprotein A1 | Apolipoprotein A1 is measured in milligrams per deciliter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Apolipoprotein B | Apolipoprotein B is measured in milligrams per deciliter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Calcium | Calcium is measured both in milligrams per deciliter and in milligrams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Potassium | Potassium is measured both in millimoles per liter and in milligrams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Sodium | Sodium is measured in millimoles per liter, in milliequivalents per liter and in milligrams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Phosphorus | Phosphorus is measured in milligrams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Iron | Iron is measured in milligrams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Magnesium | Magnesium is measured in milligrams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Zinc | Zinc is measured in milligrams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Insulin | Insulin is measured both in micro international units per liter and in picograms per milliliter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Insulin resistance | The Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index is used to estimate insulin resistance. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: C-reactive protein | C-reactive protein is measured in milligrams per deciliter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Tumor necrosis factor alpha | Tumor necrosis factor alpha is measured in picograms per deciliter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Adiponectin | Adiponectin is measured in milligrams per liter on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Energy | Energy is determined in kilocalories on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Carbohydrates | Carbohydrates are measured in grams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Sugars | Sugars are measured in grams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Fiber | Fibers are measured in grams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Polysaccharides | Polysaccharides are measured in grams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Total fat | Total fat is measured in grams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Saturated fatty acids | Saturated fatty acids are measured in grams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Monounsaturated fatty acids | Monounsaturated fatty acids are measured in grams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Polyunsaturated fatty acids are measured in grams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Vitamin B1 | Vitamin B1 is measured in milligrams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Vitamin B2 | Vitamin B2 is measured in milligrams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Vitamin B3 | Vitamin B3 is measured in milligrams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Vitamin B6 | Vitamin B6 is measured in milligrams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Vitamin B9 | Vitamin B9 is measured in micrograms on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Vitamin B12 | Vitamin B12 is measured in micrograms on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Vitamin C | Vitamin C is measured in milligrams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Vitamin A | Vitamin A is measured in micrograms on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Vitamin D | Vitamin D is measured in micrograms on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Vitamin E | Vitamin E is measured in milligrams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Carotenes | Carotenes are measured in micrograms on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Retinol | Retinol is measured in micrograms on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Biochemical analysis: Water | Water is measured in grams on an individual basis. Analysis performed in plasma. | 0, 3, 5 and 10 years since the selection visit. |
| Pamplona |
| Navarre |
| 31009 |
| Spain |
| Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques | Barcelona | 08003 | Spain |
| University of Cordoba | Córdoba | 14071 | Spain |
| University of Granada | Granada | 18010 | Spain |
| Rovira i Virgili University | Tarragona | 43002 | Spain |
| University of Valencia | Valencia | 46010 | Spain |
| University of Zaragoza | Zaragoza | 50018 | Spain |
| Derived |
| Jurado-Castro JM, Pastor-Villaescusa B, Castro-Collado C, Gil-Campos M, Leis R, Babio N, Moreno LA, Navas-Carretero S, Portoles O, Echeverria AM, De La Torre-Aguilar MJ, Picans-Leis R, Salas-Salvado J, de Miguel-Etayo P, Flores-Rojas K, Vazquez-Cobela R, Sales JV, Miguel-Berges ML, Izquierdo-Lopez I, Gomez-Martinez C, Cordoba-Rodriguez DP, Mimbrero G, Llorente-Cantarero FJ; CORAL Study investigators. Evaluation of Physical Activity, Sedentary Patterns, and Lifestyle Behavior in Spanish Preschool Children from the CORALS Cohort. Sports Med Open. 2025 Jun 9;11(1):71. doi: 10.1186/s40798-025-00865-2. |
| D009750 |
| Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |