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This cluster-RCT evaluates the effect of therapeutic virtual reality (VR) on patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) who are on a waiting list to receive pain treatment. The used VR application, Reducept, offers pain education and pain management techniques. This home-based, stand-alone, immersive VR intervention was used daily for four weeks in the intervention group. The control group received standard care (no treatment). Primary outcome measure for this study was health-related quality of life, secondary outcome measures included various pain-related variables (e.g. pain self-efficacy and acceptance. Outcome variables will be measured after four weeks and follow-up after six months.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group | Experimental | Four-week, at-home VR intervention with a recommended daily use of 10-30 minutes |
|
| Control group | No Intervention | No intervention, patient is a waiting-list control |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VR (Reducept) | Device | Reducept is a novel VR intervention that consists of a combination of pain neuroscience education (PNE) and pain management techniques. It includes different psychological therapy modalities (e.g. acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and hypnotherapy) into a single application. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in quality of life measured using the short-form 12 (SF-12) | This questionnaire on quality of life scores from 12 (worst possible score) to 56 (best possible score) | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in pain intensity measured using the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) | This questionnaire on pain intensity scores from 0 (best possible score) to 100 (worst possible score) | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up |
| Change in pain catastrophizing measured using the pain catastrophizing scale (PCS) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deventer Ziekenhuis | Deventer | Overijssel | 7416SE | Netherlands | ||
| Roessingh rehabilitation center |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D059350 | Chronic Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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This questionnaire on pain catastrophizing scores from 0 (best possible score) to 52 (worst possible score). |
| Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up |
| Change in pain self-efficacy measured using the pain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ) | This questionnaire scores from 0 (worst possible score) to 60 (best possible score). | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up |
| Change in pain acceptance measured using the chronic pain acceptance questionnaire (CPAQ-8) | This questionnaire scores from 0 (worst possible score) to 48 (best possible score). | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up |
| Change in feelings of anxiety and depression measured using the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) | This questionnaire scores from 0 (worst possible score) to 42 (best possible score). | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up |
| Change in quality of care measured using the client satisfaction questionnaire (CSQ-8) | This questionnaire scores from 8 (worst possible score) to 32 (best possible score). | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up |
| Change in medication use measured using an open-ended question | This question inquires about current medication use | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up |
| Enschede |
| Overijssel |
| 7522AH |
| Netherlands |
| Nocepta | Hengelo | Overijssel | 7555DL | Netherlands |
| Revalidatie Friesland | Emmeloord | Provincie Friesland | 8303BX | Netherlands |