Participants will engage in Modified-Otago exercises for 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise at least three times weekly for 12 weeks.

1. Walking for 15 minutes
2. Strengthening exercises for 10 minutes
3. Balance exercises 20 minutes

Participants of the Tai Chi qigong group will participate in a 30-minute exercise class three times a week for 12 weeks.

1. Warm-up exercises for 10 minutes
2. Tai Chi Exercises for 30 minutes
3. Cool-down exercises for 5 minutes

Walking for 15 minutes before or after the strengthening and balance exercises of Modified-Otago.

Strengthening exercises for 10 minutes: Knee extensor, Knee flexor, Hip adductor, Ankle plantar flexors (calf raises), and Ankle dorsiflexion (toe raises).

Balance exercises 20 minutes: Knee bends, Backwards walking, Walking and turning around, Sideways walking, Tandem stance (heel-toe stand), Tandem walk (heel-toe walk), One leg stand, Heel walking, Toe walk, Heel toe walking backward, sit to stand and Stair walking.

The BBS, a 14-item scale, quantitatively evaluates balance and fall risk in older community-dwelling adults by directly observing their performance. Scores range from 0 to 4, with 0 indicating inability and 4 representing independent completion. The total score, out of 56, categorizes balance as impaired (0-20), acceptable (21-40), or good (41-56).

The Timed Up and Go (TUG) is a comprehensive physical performance test designed to evaluate mobility, balance, and locomotor abilities in elderly individuals dealing with balance issues. The test involves a sequence of motor tasks related to walking and turning. Without specific items, the individual is required to stand up from a chair (not leaned against a wall), walk 3 meters, turn around, return to the chair, and sit down at a comfortable pace.

The Motor Assessment Scale (MAS) serves as a performance-based evaluation tool designed to assess everyday motor function in stroke patients. It encompasses 8 items representing different areas of motor function. A single item assesses the general tonus to estimate muscle tone on the affected side. Ratings, scored on a 7-point scale (0-6), indicate optimal motor behavior, with a sum of item scores (excluding general tonus) providing an overall score out of 48 points.