Epileptic seizures in newborns (often called "neonatal convulsions") represent the most frequent neurological problem in newborns (1-3/1000 newborns). The type of seizure and their etiology is very varied and therefore the therapeutic protocol also requires adaptations with a personalization of the therapeutic approach according to the characteristics of the case according to principles of precision medicine in particular for forms of neonatal epilepsy compared to epileptic seizures acute symptomatic. In recent years it has been highlighted that the clinical characterization and instrumental characterization, in particular electroencephalographic, of epileptic seizures represents an important biomarker that allows the choice of therapy to be oriented appropriately. In the literature there is a lack of single-center studies that relate the type of crisis according to the new ILAE 2017 classification (Fisher 2017) and its proposal for neonatal adaptation (Pressler 2021) with the etiology, type of therapy and outcome neurological after a few years.

The primary aim of the study is to evaluate the correlation between the type of seizure determined according to the ILAE classification (clinical variables), the EEG findings of the epileptic seizures and the specific etiology of the epileptic seizures.

The secondary aim is to evaluate the correlation between seizure type and etiology with effective therapy, length of hospitalization and neurobehavioral development outcome. The study design is a retrospective observational on the population of neonates managed at our center in the last decade.

The clinical and instrumental variables that will be collected are all those relating to the diagnosis and management of neonatal epileptic seizures and the outcome of psychomotor development. The data will be those collected from the electronic medical record. The videoEEG reports will be completed by the re-evaluation of the original EEG tracing, whenever this data is available.

The official ILAE classification of 2017 by Fisher e al. (2017) and the ILAE neonatal adaptation of 2021 by Pressler et al. (2021) will be used for the seizure type classification.

The sample size is estimated at 140 subjects, approximately 10 subjects per year. The extimate derives from the calculation of the average annual incidence of newborns born in our center or transferred from other hospitals in the period 2008-2018.

Since the etiology of neonatal crises is heterogeneous and there are no preliminary scientific data currently available on the topic, it is not possible to calculate exactly a priori the number of subjects necessary for the results to be significant.

The data analysis will be primarily descriptive and epidemiological in order to detect trends in the associations between the variables. Only after this pilot phase will we try, where possible, to apply statistical tests for significance analysis.

At this point, to evaluate the associations between categorical variables (such as between the "seizure type" category and the "etiology" category), where possible, the Chi-square or Fisher test will be used and the odds ratio calculation.

To evaluate the association between quantitative variables such as the association between length of hospital stay and time of instituting the most effective drug from seizure onset (for each specific etiology), linear regression and Pearson correlation will be used. To evaluate the association between categorical variables (predictors) of the neonatal period (such as type of seizure, etiology, etc.) and developmental outcomes expressed as quantitative measures, the Spearman rank correlation test or MANOVA will be used.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Neonatal epileptic seizures documented by conventional EEG or amplitude integrated EEG occurring within the interval from 1/1/2009 to 10/31/2022;
• Postmenstrual age at presentation of the seizure: from 23+0 and 44+6 weeks EG;

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with a clinical diagnosis of seizures without EEG/aEEG confirmation of seizures.
• Patients who have had epileptic seizures outside the indicated postmenstrual age (from 23+0 up to 44+6)

Patients with epileptic seizures that occurred in the neonatal period, which were confirmed with conventional EEG or aEEG admitted to the Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico