adults (18-70 Years) with glycated hemoglobin (HBA1C) <5.7 and/or Fasting blood glucose <100 mg/L and with no classic symptoms of hyperglycemia

adults (18-70 Years) who fulfil one of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria :

• glycated hemoglobin (HBA1C) =5.7-6.4%
• Fasting blood glucose 100 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL. Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hours.

adults (18-70 Years) who fulfil one of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria:

• glycated hemoglobin (HBA1C) ≥6.5%
• Fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL.
• A random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL. Random is any time of the day without regard to the meals.

First, the patient is required to lie on their back to have a 5-minute continuous ECG recorded, without performing any maneuvers.

Following this, deep breath test, Valsalva and stand test are performed.

•It will be measured Different stages of metabolic diseases among non-diabetic, diabetic and prediabetic subjects

Measuring body weight in kilograms (kg) and height in centimeters (cm) to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) in kg/m^2, a key indicator of healthy weight that can help identify potential health risks.

The Valsalva ratio is the proportion of the highest and lowest heart rate during and immediately after performing a Valsalva maneuver. A value of 1.21 or more is defined as a normal response

The Stand 30:15 ratio is the ratio of the highest heart rate during (occurring approximately 15 sec after the initiation of standing) and immediately following standing up from a supine position (occurring approximately 30 sec after the initiation of standing).

The heart rate response to deep breathing test was calculated as the difference between maximum heart rate during inhalation and minimum heart rate during exhalation.

A difference of 15 beats/min or more is considered parasympathetic activation.

The Framingham risk score predicts cardiovascular disease risk in asymptomatic patients. The risk is considered low if Framingham Risk Score is less than 10%, moderate if it is 10% to 19%, and high if it is higher than 20%. Heart rate variability (HRV) may be correlated with the Framingham risk score when analyzing the effects of different anti-diabetic drugs. It is expected that if the Heart Rate Variability decreases, the Framingham score will increase, indicating a higher risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular disease risk in the next 10 years. Conversely, if Heart Rate Variability increases, the Framingham score may decrease, indicating a reduced risk of Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk.