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In this study, the primary aim is to compare the impact of using a double-lumen tube and bronchial blocker for single-lung ventilation in patients undergoing minimal invasive cardiac surgeries on postoperative pulmonary functions. Secondary objectives include the comparison of application duration, success in lung collapse, and the number of repositioning attempts for both techniques.
This study is a single-center, prospective, randomized clinical trial. After obtaining ethical approval, 66 patients meeting the inclusion criteria and providing consent, who will undergo minimal invasive cardiac surgery at Ankara City Hospital Heart and Vascular Hospital Operating Room, will be included in the study. Patients will be randomized into two groups using a sealed envelope method (Group DLT: Group undergoing Single-Lung Ventilation with a Double-Lumen Tube, and Group BB: Group undergoing Single-Lung Ventilation with a bronchial blocker within a single-lumen Endotracheal Tube). Both groups will receive standard anesthesia induction and maintenance. Patients brought to the operating room without premedication will start invasive blood pressure monitoring with awake intra-arterial cannulation in addition to standard ASA monitoring.
Anesthesia induction will be performed with 1 mg/kg lidocaine, 1 µg/kg fentanyl, 1 mg/kg propofol, and 0.7 mg/kg rocuronium. After 3 minutes of anesthesia induction, a double-lumen tube/endotracheal tube-bronchial blocker of the appropriate size based on patients' height and gender will be placed. Tube placement will be confirmed with the assistance of a flexible bronchoscope in both groups. During anesthesia maintenance, the gas mixture of 50%/50% oxygen/air with 1-2% sevoflurane will be adjusted to maintain BIS between 40-60. During mechanical ventilation, in both groups, tidal volume of 6-8 ml/kg, respiratory rate of 10-12/min, and PEEP of 4-5 cmH2O will be set for double-lung ventilation, and for single-lung ventilation, tidal volume of 4-6 ml/kg, respiratory rate of 12-14/min, and PEEP of 4-5 cmH2O will be adjusted to maintain PIP<25cmH2O, SpO2>90, and PaCO2<40 mmHg (based on ideal body weight).
Apart from the two compared airway management techniques, both groups will receive standard anesthetic care, multimodal analgesia, and cardiopulmonary bypass method. Determining the impact of these methods on pulmonary functions is crucial to avoid adding potential pulmonary complications related to the inflammatory damage caused by the cardiopulmonary bypass pump to the airway management used for single-lung ventilation. Additionally, comparing the rates of technical complications and placement times for these techniques can guide anesthesia management. Both techniques are routinely used in our clinic for the minimal invasive cardiac surgery procedure based on the preference of anesthesia providers.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patient group using a double-lumen tube for single-lung ventilation | Active Comparator | Group DLT: For the assessment of postoperative pulmonary complications, arterial blood gas analysis, chest X-ray, respiratory sounds, and the patient's oxygen requirement will be monitored every 6 hours for 24 hours. The parameters to be examined preoperatively are: smoking history, ARISCAT score (Age, Preoperative SpO₂, Respiratory infection in the last month, Preoperative anemia (Hgb ≤10 g/dL), Surgical incision, Duration of surgery, Emergency procedure). |
|
| Patient group using a endobronchial blocker for single-lung ventilation | Active Comparator | Group BB: For the assessment of postoperative pulmonary complications, arterial blood gas analysis, chest X-ray, respiratory sounds, and the patient's oxygen requirement will be monitored every 6 hours for 24 hours. The parameters to be examined preoperatively are: smoking history, ARISCAT score (Age, Preoperative SpO₂, Respiratory infection in the last month, Preoperative anemia (Hgb ≤10 g/dL), Surgical incision, Duration of surgery, Emergency procedure). |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery (airway management with double-lumen tube) | Procedure | Anesthesia induction will involve 1 mg/kg lidocaine, 1 µg/kg fentanyl, 1 mg/kg propofol, and 0.7 mg/kg rocuronium. Following anesthesia induction, a double-lumen tube will be inserted.Subsequently, patients will be connected to a mechanical ventilator. Tube placement will be confirmed using fiberoptic bronchoscopy. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Comparison of Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in Patient Groups Undergoing Single-Lung Ventilation with Double-Lumen Tube and Bronchial Blocker | Until discharge;
The presence of pneumothorax, atelectasis, hemothorax, pneumonia, or ARDS in patients will be observed and recorded. | Postoperative 7 days |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Duration of insertion of the double-lumen tube / bronchial blocker | In Double Lumen Tube group : The time elapsed from the beginning of laryngoscopy following the induction of general anesthesia to the placement of the double-lumen tube and its confirmation with fiberoptic bronchoscopy. In Bronchial Blocker group : The time elapsed from the beginning of laryngoscopy following the induction of general anesthesia to the completion of endotracheal tube placement, and subsequently, the placement of the bronchial blocker under fiberoptic bronchoscopy guidance will be recorded. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Nevriye Salman | ankara bilkent city hospital, anesthesiology and reanimation clinic | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ankara bilkent city hospital | Ankara | Çankaya | 06530 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12491544 | Result | Ganapathy S. Anaesthesia for minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2002 Mar;16(1):63-80. doi: 10.1053/bean.2001.0208. | |
| 23711646 | Result | Vernick W, Atluri P. Robotic and minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Anesthesiol Clin. 2013 Jun;31(2):299-320. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2012.12.002. Epub 2013 Mar 13. |
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The anesthesia method applied for both patient groups is the same. However, the airway maintenance device used will vary between two different patient groups. Group BB: A bronchial blocker will be used for this patient group, Group DLT: A double-lumen tube will be used for this patient group. The parameters to be recorded for both patient groups include: preoperative smoking history, ARISCAT score, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, saturation, pulse, and the duration of airway device insertion following anesthesia induction and intubation. For the assessment of postoperative pulmonary complications in both patient groups, arterial blood gas analysis, chest X-ray, respiratory sounds, and the patient's oxygen requirement will be monitored every 6 hours for 24 hours.
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| Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery (airway management with endobronchial blocker) | Procedure | Anesthesia induction will involve 1 mg/kg lidocaine, 1 µg/kg fentanyl, 1 mg/kg propofol, and 0.7 mg/kg rocuronium. Following anesthesia induction, endotracheal tube-bronchial blocker will be inserted.Subsequently, patients will be connected to a mechanical ventilator. Tube placement will be confirmed using fiberoptic bronchoscopy. |
|
| 30 minutes |
| Incidence of postoperative sore throat | Patients will be visited daily during the postoperative period, and they will be asked if they have sore throat . The intensity of throat pain will be assessed using a visual analog scale. Patients will be asked to assign a number from 0 to 10 to describe the severity of their pain (0: no pain, 10: severe pain ) and it will be recorded. | Postoperative 7 days |
| Incidence of postoperative hoarseness | Patients will be visited daily during the postoperative period, and they will be asked if they have hoarseness and it will be recorded as either yes or no. | Postoperative 7 days |
| Impact of the success of lung collapse | End of the surgery, the surgeon will be asked about the level of lung collapse, and they will be requested to assign a number indicating the level of maximum collapse on a verbal rating scale from 0 to 10. (0 :no lung collapse, 10: complete collapse) And it will be recorded. | Until the end of the operation (maximum 12 hours ) |
| Satisfactory lung collapse time | After one lung ventilation begins, the surgeon will be asked about the level of lung collapse,and they will be instructed to notify when satisfactory lung collapse (when the collapse score of 8) is achieved.The time elapsed from the initiation of single-lung ventilation until satisfactory collapse is achieved will be recorded. ( minutes) | Until the end of the operation (maximum 12 hours ) |
| 37876764 | Result | Patel M, Wilson A, Ong C. Double-lumen tubes and bronchial blockers. BJA Educ. 2023 Nov;23(11):416-424. doi: 10.1016/j.bjae.2023.07.001. Epub 2023 Sep 18. No abstract available. |
| 16931978 | Result | Knoll H, Ziegeler S, Schreiber JU, Buchinger H, Bialas P, Semyonov K, Graeter T, Mencke T. Airway injuries after one-lung ventilation: a comparison between double-lumen tube and endobronchial blocker: a randomized, prospective, controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2006 Sep;105(3):471-7. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200609000-00009. |
| 17300299 | Result | Kottenberg-Assenmacher E, Kamler M, Peters J. Minimally invasive endoscopic port-access intracardiac surgery with one lung ventilation: impact on gas exchange and anaesthesia resources. Anaesthesia. 2007 Mar;62(3):231-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.04954.x. |
| 12154424 | Result | Ender J, Bury AM, Raumanns J, Schlunken S, Kiefer H, Bellinghausen W, Petry A. The use of a bronchial blocker compared with a double-lumen tube for single-lung ventilation during minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2002 Aug;16(4):452-5. doi: 10.1053/jcan.2002.125144. |
| 19299766 | Result | Ko R, McRae K, Darling G, Waddell TK, McGlade D, Cheung K, Katz J, Slinger P. The use of air in the inspired gas mixture during two-lung ventilation delays lung collapse during one-lung ventilation. Anesth Analg. 2009 Apr;108(4):1092-6. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318195415f. |
| 31115153 | Result | Zhang Y, Yan W, Fan Z, Kang X, Tan H, Fu H, Li Z, Chen KN, Chen J. Preemptive one lung ventilation enhances lung collapse during thoracoscopic surgery: A randomized controlled trial. Thorac Cancer. 2019 Jun;10(6):1448-1452. doi: 10.1111/1759-7714.13091. Epub 2019 May 21. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006349 | Heart Valve Diseases |
| D003324 | Coronary Artery Disease |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006331 | Heart Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D003327 | Coronary Disease |
| D017202 | Myocardial Ischemia |
| D001161 | Arteriosclerosis |
| D001157 | Arterial Occlusive Diseases |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D058109 | Airway Management |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
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