The goal of this double-blinded, randomized trial is to investigate the effects of acute binge drinking on liver function, liver fat content, and lipid metabolism in healthy young subjects. The main questions it aims to answer are:

1. If acute binge drinking could alleviate liver injury and hepatic steatosis.

The goal of this double-blinded, randomized trial is to investigate the effects of acute binge drinking on liver function, liver fat content, and lipid metabolism in healthy young subjects. The main questions it aims to answer are:

1. If acute binge drinking could alleviate liver injury and hepatic steatosis.

Participants will be randomized into two groups (n=40) and provided vodka (1 g/kg body weight) or an equal amount of non-alcoholic beverages with the same taste and colour but without alcohol, respectively. 15 minutes later, they are successively provided with the same breakfast. Venous blood samples were collected at 0h, 1h, 3h, 5h, 6h, 12h, and 24h from each subject, respectively.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. male aged 18-30 years;
2. body mass index (BMI) ranging from 18.5 to 28 kg/m²;
3. having prior experience with binge drinking or hangovers, as assessed using the Personal Assessment of Maximum Drinking Capacity Survey Questionnaire

Exclusion criteria

1. with alcohol intolerance or alcohol dependence;
2. with serious health conditions, such as liver, kidney, cardiovascular, or gastrointestinal diseases;
3. vegetarians;
4. smokers;
5. with a history of drug use, including antihistamines, antihypertensives, antidiabetics, anxiolytics, and central nervous system depressants;
6. who had used antibiotics within two weeks prior to the trial;
7. who had consumed alcohol, alcoholic beverages or alcohol-containing foods within one week before the trial.

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