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The obesities were aimed at the effect of whole wheat (WWB), buckwheat (BWB), and cornbread (CB) on blood glucose by comparing the glycemic index values with reference bread (RB).
Overall, WWB consumption had a positive effect on blood glucose in individuals with obesity, while BWB consumption caused an increase in blood glucose levels.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Types of bread | Experimental | The three breads (whole wheat bread, buckwheat bread, and cornmeal bread) contained 30 grams of digestible carbohydrates. Participants consumed these breads when they were hungry. Blood glucose was measured with a glucometer at 0 (fasting), 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Anthropometric measurements were measured by BIA method and weight classification (obesity and normal weight) was made. |
|
| Reference bread (White bread) | Experimental | Control group. Blood glucose comparison of all breads was determined according to white bread. The measurement method used was the same as for the other breads. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bread consumption | Dietary Supplement | There were four groups: whole wheat (WWB), buckwheat (BWB), corn bread (CB) and reference bread. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| One loaf of bread was been consumed every week. Blood glucose measurements were performed with a glucometer at 0 (fasting), 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after each bread consumption. | The effect of loaves of bread with a high glycemic index on blood sugar is well known. The higher the glycemic index, the higher the blood sugar fluctuation. Glycemic index values should be lower than white bread. | Within research completion, an average of 4 week |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| This classification as obese and normal-weight individuals was made with the BIA (Bioelectrical impedance analysis) method. This classification was understood by anthropometric measurements made in the first week. | It is known that high glycemic index values of bread consumption are paralleled by high blood fluctuations. On the other hand, the impact of bread consumption on obesity and normal weight people is also of interest. In obese people, the high glycemic index predisposes them to overeating. It can be said that the consumption of whole wheat bread caused lower blood glucose fluctuations than white bread, and on top of that, corn bread caused lower changes in blood glucose fluctuations than other breads in obese individuals. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avrasya University | Trabzon | 61000 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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| Within research completion, an average of 1 week |
| D001835 |
| Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |