Surgical pain is a common complication after surgery, affecting patient recovery and treatment quality. >20% of patients suffer from chronic postoperative pain. China has >70 million surgeries yearly. Nerve block manages postoperative pain, with developing nerve block needles now used in clinics. Developed needles may have better pain management effects than non-developed ones, but their effect on reducing chronic pain remains unclear. This study aims to explore the effect of developed nerve block needles on postoperative pain and compare them to non-developed needles, providing new ideas and methods for pain management.

Surgical pain is one of the common complications after surgery, which seriously affects the recovery and treatment quality of patients. More than 20% of patients will suffer from postoperative chronic pain. According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics, there are more than 70 million surgeries in China every year. Nerve block is one of the most commonly used methods for postoperative pain management in clinical practice. In recent years, the developing nerve block needle has gradually begun to be used in clinical practice. Compared with the ordinary non-developing nerve block needle, it may have a better effect on pain management after surgery, but whether it has a reduction effect on chronic pain after surgery is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of developing nerve block needle on postoperative pain, and to compare the difference between it and the common non-developing nerve block needle, so as to provide new ideas and methods for postoperative pain management.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. The age is above 18 years old and below 70 years old.
2. patients whose surgical sites were in the chest, abdomen, upper limbs or lower limbs, including lobectomy, cholecystectomy, gastrointestinal resection, hysterectomy and other elective operations.
3. This operation was the first operation during the hospitalization.
4. Consent to participate in this study and sign an informed consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with a history of alcohol or drug addiction.
2. Patients with disturbance of consciousness before operation.
3. Other conditions considered by the attending physician or researcher to be inappropriate for the study;
4. History of chronic pain.
5. Abnormal coagulation function.

The individual participant data for this study is available from the sponsor on reasonable request through email.

Within one year