The Efficacy of Intra-articular Tranexamic Acid Injection With Different Drainage Clamping Time in Postoperative Bleeding and Pain After Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
The Efficacy of Intra-articular Tranexamic Acid Injection With Different Drainage Clamping Time in Postoperative Bleeding and Pain After Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Post-anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) hemarthrosis may result in increased pain thus delaying postoperative rehabilitation, which may eventually lead to arthrofibrosis and a functional deficit. Many antifibrinolytic agents, including tranexamic acid (TXA), have been used in orthopedic surgeries to reduce postoperative bleeding. Moreover, TXA was proved effective to reduced the events of hemarthrosis and increased the post-operative functional outcomes of the patients in several studies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of intra-articular injection of TXA with different drainage clamping time in patients receiving arthroscopic ACLRs. Patients were randomized into four groups. An intra-articular suction drain was placed recorded 24 h postoperatively. Group 1 patients(TXA 4hr group) received the index procedures with a 10 mL intra-articular injection of TXA and following drainage clamped 4 hours. Group 2 patients(TXA 8hr group) received the index procedures with a 10 mL intra-articular injection of TXA and following drainage clamped 8 hours. Clinical evaluations using an IKDC functional score and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain score were performed during admission, at postoperative day 3 and week 4.
Surgical technique All patients participating in this study received surgery by the same surgeon (H.L.M.) with spinal anesthesia. Pneumatic tourniquet was routinely utilized during the procedure. A 3-cm incision was made over the medial proximal tibia to harvest the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons from the distal insertion. The tendons were quadrupled and whipstitched with No. 2 and No. 5 Ethibond sutures (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) as previously described.12 The folded tendons' diameters were measured using sizing cylinders with 0.5 mm incremental changes in size. The femoral sockets were created by drilling from the insertion site at the lateral femoral condyle through the anteromedial portal. The tibial tunnel was drilled with an Acufex guide (Smith & Nephew, Andover, MA). The diameters of the sockets were matched to the size of the folded graft. The grafts were fixed with bioscrews (BioRCI-HA; Smith & Nephew) at the femoral site and at the tibial site with the knee flexed at 30°. The screw and tunnel sizes were identical. Following the procedure, a Hemovac suction drain (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) was placed at the superior-lateral aspect of the joint. Additionally, in the TXA group, 10 mL of TXA solution (100 mg/mL; Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) was injected into the joint, and all closed suction drains were clamped for 4, or 8 hours based on the grouping results.
Clinical evaluation Postoperative drainage output is the primary outcome of this study. The drain tubes were routinely removed postoperatively once the volume of drainage decreased, of which the total volume was recorded. The secondary outcomes included visual analog scale (VAS) and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) functional score. The former was documented immediately after patients were transferred back to the ward from the post-anesthesia recovery room, on day 3 and at week 4 after surgery. Besides, the maximum of postoperative VAS score during admission was also documented. IKDC functional score was a subjective questionnaire including three categories with symptoms, athletic activity, and knee function. Higher score indicated better function with highest score of 10 and lowest of 0. All the objective measurements followed at postoperative 4 week were evaluated by an independent observer who was blinded to this study at the outpatient clinic.
Statical analysis The power calculation was calculated using the G*Power software (version 3.1; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany). The volume of drainage between groups from our previous study was used as the primary variable. With a power of 0.8 and a significance level of .05, a total of 49 patients were required for each group. Oversampling of patients in each group was performed due to potential withdrawals and losses to follow-up. All data are expressed as mean and 95% confidence interval or standard deviation. The amounts of drainage and the functional scores were compared among four groups with Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) with post-hoc Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software (version 22.0, IBM, Armonk, NY). Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
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Exclusion Criteria: