The goal of this observational study is to learn how the body processes ingested alcohol and how alcohol affects mood and blood sugar in both men and women after undergoing sleeve gastrectomy. The main question[s]it aims to answer are:

• Are there differences in the way that ingested alcohol is handled in men versus women after sleeve gastrectomy?
• What is the consequence of drinking alcohol on an empty stomach versus after a meal on blood sugar control after undergoing sleeve gastrectomy?

Participants will participate in two types of alcohol tests (alcohol given orally or administered intravenously) after not eating anything overnight or after having a meal.

Researchers will compare men and women who underwent sleeve gastrectomy with men and women who had no surgery, are of similar age and body composition, and have similar alcohol intake patterns.

The primary goal of the proposed study is to determine sex-related differences in the impact of Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG) on the pharmacokinetics (Aim 1), subjective effects (Aim 2), and glycemic effects (Aim 3) in the fasted versus prandial state when alcohol is ingested or given intravenously clamped (the gold standard to measure alcohol elimination rate and acute alcohol tolerance). We will use a cross-sectional study to compare participants who underwent SG surgery 1-5 years ago with matched non-operated controls (both sexes). This project will answer the questions of whether there are sex-related differences in the impact of SG on alcohol's pharmacokinetics and pharmacologic effects, whether drinking alcohol with a meal is effective post-SG, and clarify the site of alcohol first-pass metabolism in men. Findings from this study will contribute to evidence-based recommendations on the impact of SG on alcohol-related toxic effects and could help expand the knowledge base of sex-related differences in human alcohol pharmacokinetics.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Surgery groups:

  • Male and female, 21-64 yrs. of age
  • Drink at least 1 standard drink per month but no more than 7 per week (women or > 14 for men)
  • Underwent SG surgery 1-5 years ago

Non-surgery control group

• Male and female who did not undergo bariatric surgery
• Age , BMI, race , and alcohol pattern of consumption equivalent to participants in the SG surgery groups

Exclusion Criteria:

• For all groups (surgery and non-surgery groups)

  • Smoking or having quit smoking less than 2 months ago
  • Pregnant or breastfeeding
  • Taking any medications that might affect alcohol metabolism
  • Anemia
  • Gastritis, colitis, Crohn's Disease, malabsorptive diseases, inflammatory diseases, liver disease, kidney disease, cancer less than five years ago, stroke, or severe organ dysfunction
  • Body weight >450 pounds (because of a limit on body composition machine)
  • Alcohol use disorder
  • Regular use of drugs with addiction potential or regular misuse of substances
  • Abnormality on EKG as determined by a study physician to present a safety risk

Carle Foundation Hospital and community sample

Data will be findable for the research community through NIAAADA. The research community will have access to data at the time of publication or when the award ends, whichever is sooner. NIAAADA will make decisions about how long to preserve the data.

The research community will have access to data at the time of publication or when the award ends, whichever is sooner. NIAAADA will make decisions about how long to preserve the data.

To request access of the data, researchers will use the standard processes at NIMH Data Archive (NDA) , and the NDA Data Access Committee will decide which requests to grant. The standard NDA data access process allows access for one year and is renewable