For Group 1 wards, physician education will be provided. All physicians treating patients in general medical wards will undergo a training session at the start of the study. Education content includes latest evidence on short-course antibiotic therapy and criteria for de-escalation to oral antibiotics for BSI-E. The educational materials will be prepared by Infectious Diseases physicians, and will be presented during one of the monthly departmental meetings, which routinely involve physician education. Ample time will be provided for answering questions from physicians. During the study period, the same material will be presented to new medical staff joining the department. The educational materials will be sent to all physicians in the department regardless of their attendance of the meeting. Patients will receive standard of care.

For Group 2 wards, physician education will be provided as in Group 1. A paper reminder will be attached in the medical records of all consecutive patients on the first working day after Enterobacterale is isolated from blood culture. The reminder documents (1) the clinical and host criteria that should be considered for prescribing short-course antibiotic therapy, and (2) options of oral antibiotics to complete the treatment course. These recommendations are based on results of the trials demonstrating non-inferiority of short-course and oral-switch therapy for BSI-E.

Group 3 wards will receive a multifaceted antibiotic stewardship intervention. Physician education will be provided as in Group 1. All consecutive patients fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria for study eligibility will be assessed by an Antibiotic Stewardship team. A trained nurse will first assess the patients for clinical and host criteria to determine eligibility for short-course antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic susceptibility test results and the prescribed antibiotics treatment will be reviewed. An Infectious Diseases physician will subsequently make written recommendations for the duration and choice of antibiotic therapy, and provide an appointment within 2 weeks after hospital discharge to review patients' clinical condition when indicated.

Group 3 wards will receive a multifaceted antibiotic stewardship intervention. Physician education will be provided as in Group 1. All consecutive patients fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria for study eligibility will be assessed by an Antibiotic Stewardship team. A trained nurse will first assess the patients for clinical and host criteria to determine eligibility for short-course antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic susceptibility test results and the prescribed antibiotics treatment will be reviewed. An Infectious Diseases physician will subsequently make written recommendations for the duration and choice of antibiotic therapy, and provide an appointment within 2 weeks after hospital discharge to review patients' clinical condition when indicated.

proportion of patients receiving 7 days of effective antibiotic therapy for the treatment of BSI-E

proportion of patients with susceptible oral antibiotics completed the course with an oral antibiotic