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Partial restriction of blood flow to working muscles during exercise is proven to increase muscle mass and strength even with low-intensity of exercise. Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFRT) is also beneficial to improve the maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max), bone health, and vascular health. Recent studies focus on its effects beyond the musculoskeletal system. Post-exercise hypotension is a known acute physiological response that happens after intense exercise. Early studies demonstrated BFRT might amplify the acute hypotensive effects with low intensity of exercise. However, it's not clear what type of exercise would help to lower blood pressure when it is combined with BFRT.
Partial restriction of blood flow to working muscles during exercise is proven to increase muscle mass and strength even with low-intensity of exercise. Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFRT) is also beneficial to improve the maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max), bone health, and vascular health. Recent studies focus on its effects beyond the musculoskeletal system. Post-exercise hypotension is a known acute physiological response that happens after intense exercise. Early studies demonstrated BFRT might amplify the acute hypotensive effects with low intensity of exercise. However, it's not clear what type of exercise would help to lower blood pressure when it is combined with BFRT. Considering BFRT, it's safe to implement among hypertensive individuals as per recent studies. It's still unclear what type of exercise would benefit maximum in reducing blood pressure while using it along BFR. The study aims to determine whether BFRT can influence BP, MAP, HR, and muscle girth differently while doing resisted exercises and aerobic exercise. Understanding the effects of BFRT on these parameters can provide valuable insights for optimizing exercise protocols and improving overall health outcomes. In general, this study can also add to the increasing amount of studies about the possible advantages and drawbacks of BFRT, and provide guidance on how to design exercise programs for people with borderline hypertension or in those with early phase of hypertension.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic exercise | Experimental | This group received a single session of low-intensity cycling for 20 minutes. |
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| Resisted exercises | Active Comparator | This group received four sets of 15 repetitions of knee extension, hamstring curls, and standing calf raises (20-40% 1RM) with a 30 sec to 1 minute rest period between sets. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic exercises | Procedure | This group received a single session of low-intensity cycling for 20 minutes. A period of reperfusion (3 to 5 minutes) were provided in both groups after 10 minutes of exercise training by deflating the BFR cuffs. The cuffs were inflated after 5 minutes of reperfusion, and the exercises were completed in both groups. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Heart rate | The chest strap heart rate monitors can continuously monitor heart rate throughout the day. These devices use optical sensors or electrodes to detect changes in blood flow and provide real-time data. | Baseline |
| Heart rate | The chest strap heart rate monitors can continuously monitor heart rate throughout the day. These devices use optical sensors or electrodes to detect changes in blood flow and provide real-time data. | After 1 minute |
| Heart rate | The chest strap heart rate monitors can continuously monitor heart rate throughout the day. These devices use optical sensors or electrodes to detect changes in blood flow and provide real-time data. | After 3 minutes |
| Heart rate | The chest strap heart rate monitors can continuously monitor heart rate throughout the day. These devices use optical sensors or electrodes to detect changes in blood flow and provide real-time data. | After 5 minutes |
| Heart rate | The chest strap heart rate monitors can continuously monitor heart rate throughout the day. These devices use optical sensors or electrodes to detect changes in blood flow and provide real-time data. | After 15 minutes |
| Heart rate | The chest strap heart rate monitors can continuously monitor heart rate throughout the day. These devices use optical sensors or electrodes to detect changes in blood flow and provide real-time data. | After 30 minutes |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Gopal Nambi, PhD | Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gopal Nambi | Al Kharj | Riyadh Region | 11942 | Saudi Arabia |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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| Resisted exercises | Procedure | This group received four sets of 15 repetitions of knee extension, hamstring curls, and standing calf raises (20-40% 1RM) with 30 sec to 1 minute rest period between sets. A period of reperfusion (3 to 5 minutes) were provided in both groups after 10 minutes of exercise training by deflating the BFR cuffs. The cuffs were inflated after 5 minutes of reperfusion, and the exercises were completed in both groups. |
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| Blood pressure | BP monitor devices use an inflatable cuff to measure blood pressure and detect pulsations to determine the heart rate. | Baseline |
| Blood pressure | BP monitor devices use an inflatable cuff to measure blood pressure and detect pulsations to determine the heart rate. | After 1 minute |
| Blood pressure | BP monitor devices use an inflatable cuff to measure blood pressure and detect pulsations to determine the heart rate. | After 3 minutes |
| Blood pressure | BP monitor devices use an inflatable cuff to measure blood pressure and detect pulsations to determine the heart rate. | After 5 minutes |
| Blood pressure | BP monitor devices use an inflatable cuff to measure blood pressure and detect pulsations to determine the heart rate. | After 15 minutes |
| Blood pressure | BP monitor devices use an inflatable cuff to measure blood pressure and detect pulsations to determine the heart rate. | After 30 minutes |
| Mean arterial pressure | Mean arterial pressure monitor devices use an inflatable cuff to measure blood pressure and detect pulsations to determine the heart rate. | Baseline |
| Mean arterial pressure | Mean arterial pressure monitor devices use an inflatable cuff to measure blood pressure and detect pulsations to determine the heart rate. | After 1 minute |
| Mean arterial pressure | Mean arterial pressure monitor devices use an inflatable cuff to measure blood pressure and detect pulsations to determine the heart rate. | After 3 minutes |
| Mean arterial pressure | Mean arterial pressure monitor devices use an inflatable cuff to measure blood pressure and detect pulsations to determine the heart rate. | After 5 minutes |
| Mean arterial pressure | Mean arterial pressure monitor devices use an inflatable cuff to measure blood pressure and detect pulsations to determine the heart rate. | After 15 minutes |
| Mean arterial pressure | Mean arterial pressure monitor devices use an inflatable cuff to measure blood pressure and detect pulsations to determine the heart rate. | After 30 minutes |
| Muscle girth | For biceps measurement, the individual should flex their arm at a 90-degree angle. Place the tape measure around the midpoint of the upper arm, making sure it is snug but not tight. Record the measurement in inches or centimeters. | Baseline |
| Muscle girth | For biceps measurement, the individual should flex their arm at a 90-degree angle. Place the tape measure around the midpoint of the upper arm, making sure it is snug but not tight. Record the measurement in inches or centimeters. | After 1 minute |
| Muscle girth | For biceps measurement, the individual should flex their arm at a 90-degree angle. Place the tape measure around the midpoint of the upper arm, making sure it is snug but not tight. Record the measurement in inches or centimeters. | After 3 minutes |
| Muscle girth | For biceps measurement, the individual should flex their arm at a 90-degree angle. Place the tape measure around the midpoint of the upper arm, making sure it is snug but not tight. Record the measurement in inches or centimeters. | After 5 minutes |
| Muscle girth | For biceps measurement, the individual should flex their arm at a 90-degree angle. Place the tape measure around the midpoint of the upper arm, making sure it is snug but not tight. Record the measurement in inches or centimeters. | After 15 minutes |
| Muscle girth | For biceps measurement, the individual should flex their arm at a 90-degree angle. Place the tape measure around the midpoint of the upper arm, making sure it is snug but not tight. Record the measurement in inches or centimeters. | After 30 minutes |