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The main goal of this study is to assess whether the diagnostic efficacy of enema is non-inferior to that of oral polyethylene glycol (PEG) in acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (ALGIB) patients requiring urgent colonoscopy. The secondary objectives include: 1) evaluating potential differences between the enema and oral PEG groups in terms of the difficulty and safety of colonoscopy, as well as exacerbation of bleeding; 2) conducting subgroup analyses to compare the effectiveness of the two bowel preparation methods in specific populations, exploring potential candidate groups for different bowel preparation strategies, and promoting individualized diagnosis and treatment for ALGIB.
This is a multicenter, prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled, non-inferiority study. The study includes the following steps:
Step 1: Participants will be enrolled based on predefined criteria, and demographic data, fasting water duration, accompanying symptoms, smoking history, alcohol consumption history, antithrombotic drug usage, previous history of lower gastrointestinal bleeding, Charlson comorbidity index, vital signs at admission, and laboratory results at admission will be collected.
Step 2: All participants will undergo stratified block randomization, and based on the randomization results, participants will receive bowel preparation using either PEG or enema. Subsequently, all participants will undergo urgent colonoscopy within 48 hours from admission.
Step 3: Follow-up records will be conducted at the following time points:
Before colonoscopy:
During colonoscopy:
- Record patient pain scores, Boston bowel preparation scores, cecal intubation time, lesion detection time, total procedure time, maximum insertion depth, observation of active bleeding, endoscopic diagnosis, endoscopic hemostasis, and perforation.
After colonoscopy:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oral PEG group | Other | Following the administration protocol recommended by the Chinese expert consensus for PEG, a 3 L PEG regimen is employed. The regimen involves segmented intake, with 1 L taken 10-12 hours before the intestinal examination and an additional 2 L taken 4-6 hours before the examination on the day of the procedure. |
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| Enema group | Other | Enema is administered using either normal saline or 1% soapy water for cleansing until the effluent is clear of fecal debris, or until a total volume of 3000 ml of enema solution has been administered. The enema should be initiated 4-6 hours before colonoscopy, with the dosage and frequency of incremental enemas determined based on the patient's tolerance. The final enema administration should be completed no later than 10 minutes before the scheduled colonoscopy. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enema Bowel preparation | Other | Enema Group (Experimental Group): Enema is administered using either normal saline or 1% soapy water for cleansing until the effluent is clear of fecal debris, or until a total volume of 3000 ml of enema solution has been administered. The enema should be initiated 4-6 hours before colonoscopy, with the dosage and frequency of incremental enemas determined based on the patient's tolerance. The final enema administration should be completed no later than 10 minutes before the scheduled colonoscopy. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Endoscopic diagnosis rate | Including the definite diagnosis and presumptive diagnosis | During the colonoscopy (up to 48 hours from admission) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Cecal intubation time | The duration from the insertion of the colonoscope through the anus to reaching the cecum. | During the colonoscopy (up to 48 hours from admission) |
| Lesion detection time |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Patients presenting with hematochezia who were admitted to our hospitals were eligible for the study. Patients were included if they met the following criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Known or suspected upper gastrointestinal bleeding meeting any of the following criteria:
A. Presence of hematemesis or black vomiting. B. Bloody or coffee nasogastric aspirate. C. Endoscopic evidence of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, such as gastric or duodenal ulcer bleeding, esophagogastric variceal bleeding, etc.
Previous colonoscopy has been performed at an external institution with a confirmed diagnosis.
Presence of primary or secondary coagulation disorders.
History of bowel diversion surgery (including partial colon resection).
Hemodynamic instability persists after fluid resuscitation (shock index greater than 1).
Interventional treatment has been performed and hemostasis has been successfully achieved.
Requires transfer to an intensive care unit due to the severity of the condition.
Unable to comply with oral polyethylene glycol administration or enema procedures.
Known or suspected relative contraindications to colonoscopy, such as toxic megacolon, acute intestinal obstruction, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, severe liver failure, and end-stage renal disease.
Pregnant or lactating women.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tongliao City Hospital | Tongliao | Neimenggu | China | |||
| Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University |
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|
| PEG Bowel preparation | Other | Oral PEG Group (Control Group): Following the administration protocol recommended by the Chinese expert consensus for PEG, a 3 L PEG regimen is employed. The regimen involves segmented intake, with 1 L taken 10-12 hours before the intestinal examination and an additional 2 L taken 4-6 hours before the examination on the day of the procedure. |
|
The duration from the insertion of the colonoscope through the anus to the initial identification of lesions.
| During the colonoscopy (up to 48 hours from admission) |
| Total procedure time | The duration from the insertion of the colonoscope through the anus to the withdrawal from the anus. | During the colonoscopy (up to 48 hours from admission) |
| Cecal intubation rate | The proportion of patients in the study group in whom successful cecal intubation was achieved, relative to the total number of patients in the group. | During the colonoscopy (up to 48 hours from admission) |
| Rate of bowel preparation related adverse events | Bowel preparation related adverse events included nausea, vomiting, bloating, hypotension, heart failure, electrolyte imbalance, aspiration pneumonia, etc. | From the start of bowel preparation to the end of bowel preparation (assessed up to 44 hours from admission) |
| Rate of colonoscopy related adverse events | Colonoscopy related adverse events included perforation, recurrent bleeding, post-operational infection and death. | From the start of colonoscopy to the time of discharge (assessed up to 72 hours from admission) |
| Rate of patients who sufferred from exacerbation of ALGIB | Exacerbation of ALGIB was defined as patients' subjective bleeding symptoms were worse than before the start of bowel preparation, or patients had a decrease in hemoglobin of more than 2g/L before and after bowel preparation. | From the start of bowel preparation to the end of bowel preparation (assessed up to 44 hours from admission) |
| Bowel preparation satisfaction score | The satisfaction score of bowel preparation was evaluated from three dimensions: mood, discomfort symptoms, and general feeling, with each dimension ranging from 0 to 5 indicating from the worst to the best. | At the end of bowel preparation (assessed up to 48 hours from admission) |
| Boston bowel preparation score | A score of 0 to 9 on the Boston Bowel Preparation scale indicates worst to best. | During the colonoscopy (up to 48 hours from admission) |
| Endoscopic hemostasis rate | The rate of performance of endoscopic hemostasis. | During the colonoscopy (up to 48 hours from admission) |
| Intervention or surgery rate | The rate of patients who underwent angiographic therapy or surgery after the primary colonoscopy. | From the end of colonoscopy to the time of discharge (assessed up to 72 hours from admission) |
| Repeated endoscopy rate | The rate of patients who received a second-look of colonoscopy after the primary colonoscopy. | From the end of colonoscopy to the time of discharge (assessed up to 72 hours from admission) |
| Transfusion rate | The rate of patients who need red blood cell transfusion after the primary colonoscopy. | From the end of colonoscopy to the time of discharge (assessed up to 72 hours from admission) |
| Taiyuan |
| Shanxi |
| China |
| Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University | Beijing | China |