Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
This study also aims to develop and apply a standard repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocol on drug users. The investigators want to focus on the effects of rTMS on amphetamine and cocaine as they are the most commonly used types of illicit drugs in Hong Kong.
The primary research question is:
• To examine if rTMS can reduce craving and consumption of the most commonly used illicit drugs (amphetamine, cocaine) among people with drug use disorders in Hong Kong?
The secondary research questions are:
The investigators would use a cross-over design (figure 1) to investigate the effects of rTMS. The investigators would recruit participants through community drug rehabilitation and youth outreach services. Participants who meet the selection and exclusion criteria will be invited to join. Upon obtaining their written consent, the investigators would randomize participants to a treatment (rTMS) group and a sham stimulation (placebo) group. Upon completing the first phase (2 weeks), there would be a washout period of 2 weeks. The two groups will swap (treatment becomes sham, and vice-versa) and the second phase will proceed. A double-blinded procedure will be implemented. Outcome measures will be conducted at baseline, after Phase I, at the start of Phase II, and at the end of Phase II.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation | Experimental | 10 Hz rTMS is applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The individual DLPFC is located using the Beam F3 method. The stimulation intensity is 100% of the resting motor threshold of the left primary motor cortex. Each session of stimulation lasts for around 9 mins. We apply 6-session rTMS, with 2-3 times per week. |
|
| Sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation | Experimental | Sham rTMS is applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The individual DLPFC is located using the Beam F3 method. The stimulation intensity is 20% of the resting motor threshold of the left primary motor cortex, which is deemed completely ineffective in modulating brain excitability. We apply 6-session sham rTMS, with 2-3 times per week. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation | Device | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain. TMS uses a small electromagnetic coil controlled by a computer program to deliver short, powerful pulses of magnetic energy focused precisely on parts of the brain's pre-frontal cortex. High-frequency repetitive TMS can enhance the excitability of the stimulated region. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Craving | An 11-item Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), a theory-based and concise assessment tool for measuring substance cravings, is utilized. Each item is rated on a scale of 0 to 10, resulting in a total score range of 0 to 110. A higher score indicates a higher level of craving. | Baseline (before the phase I intervention) |
| Craving | An 11-item Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), a theory-based and concise assessment tool for measuring substance cravings, is utilized. Each item is rated on a scale of 0 to 10, resulting in a total score range of 0 to 110. A higher score indicates a higher level of craving. | 3-week post intervention (after 6-session of the phase I intervention) |
| Craving | An 11-item Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), a theory-based and concise assessment tool for measuring substance cravings, is utilized. Each item is rated on a scale of 0 to 10, resulting in a total score range of 0 to 110. A higher score indicates a higher level of craving. | Baseline (before the phase II intervention) |
| Craving | An 11-item Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), a theory-based and concise assessment tool for measuring substance cravings, is utilized. Each item is rated on a scale of 0 to 10, resulting in a total score range of 0 to 110. A higher score indicates a higher level of craving. | 3-week post intervention (after 6-session of the phase II intervention) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Readiness for change | The Contemplation Ladder which measures the motivation for change, is used. The motivation for change is rated on a scale of 0 (No thought about quitting. I cannot live without drugs) to 10 (I have changed my drug use and will never go back to the way I used drugs before), with a total score of 10. A higher score means a higher motivation for change. | Baseline (before the phase I intervention) |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Hong Kong Polytechnic University | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019966 | Substance-Related Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D064419 | Chemically-Induced Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050781 | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D055909 | Magnetic Field Therapy |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
A blinded assessor, who is not aware of the condition order, conducts all behavioral assessments.
|
| Readiness for change | The Contemplation Ladder which measures the motivation for change, is used. The motivation for change is rated on a scale of 0 (No thought about quitting. I cannot live without drugs) to 10 (I have changed my drug use and will never go back to the way I used drugs before), with a total score of 10. A higher score means a higher motivation for change. | 3-week post intervention (after 6-session of the phase I intervention) |
| Readiness for change | The Contemplation Ladder which measures the motivation for change, is used. The motivation for change is rated on a scale of 0 (No thought about quitting. I cannot live without drugs) to 10 (I have changed my drug use and will never go back to the way I used drugs before), with a total score of 10. A higher score means a higher motivation for change. | Baseline (before the phase II intervention) |
| Readiness for change | The Contemplation Ladder which measures the motivation for change, is used. The motivation for change is rated on a scale of 0 (No thought about quitting. I cannot live without drugs) to 10 (I have changed my drug use and will never go back to the way I used drugs before), with a total score of 10. A higher score means a higher motivation for change. | 3-week post intervention (after 6-session of the phase II intervention) |
| Drug Consumption | A self-report questionnaire Set 6 of Beat Drug Fund (BDF)-Hong Kong, which assesses drug use frequency in past two weeks, is used. The patients are required to indicate their usage of each type of drug by selecting one of the following options: Never used, Used occasionally, and Used regularly. | Baseline (before the phase I intervention) |
| Drug Consumption | A self-report questionnaire Set 6 of Beat Drug Fund (BDF)-Hong Kong, which assesses drug use frequency in past two weeks, is used. The patients are required to indicate their usage of each type of drug by selecting one of the following options: Never used, Used occasionally, and Used regularly. | 3-week post intervention (after 6-session of the phase I intervention) |
| Drug Consumption | A self-report questionnaire Set 6 of Beat Drug Fund (BDF)-Hong Kong, which assesses drug use frequency in past two weeks, is used. The patients are required to indicate their usage of each type of drug by selecting one of the following options: Never used, Used occasionally, and Used regularly. | Baseline (before the phase II intervention) |
| Drug Consumption | A self-report questionnaire Set 6 of Beat Drug Fund (BDF)-Hong Kong, which assesses drug use frequency in past two weeks, is used. The patients are required to indicate their usage of each type of drug by selecting one of the following options: Never used, Used occasionally, and Used regularly. | 3-week post intervention (after 6-session of the phase II intervention) |
| Trail Making Test | A test of speed of processing | Baseline (before the phase I intervention) |
| Trail Making Test | A test of speed of processing | 3-week post intervention (after 6-session of the phase I intervention) |
| Trail Making Test | A test of speed of processing | Baseline (before the phase II intervention) |
| Trail Making Test | A test of speed of processing | 3-week post intervention (after 6-session of the phase II intervention) |
| Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP) | A computer-administered measure of sustained attention | Baseline (before the phase I intervention) |
| Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP) | A computer-administered measure of sustained attention | 3-week post intervention (after 6-session of the phase I intervention) |
| Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP) | A computer-administered measure of sustained attention | Baseline (before the phase II intervention) |
| Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP) | A computer-administered measure of sustained attention | 3-week post intervention (after 6-session of the phase II intervention) |
| Mazes test from The Neuropsychological Assessment Battery® (NAB®) | Mazes test is used to measure reasoning and problem-solving. | Baseline (before the phase I intervention) |
| Mazes test from The Neuropsychological Assessment Battery® (NAB®) | Mazes test is used to measure reasoning and problem-solving. | 3-week post intervention (after 6-session of the phase I intervention) |
| Mazes test from The Neuropsychological Assessment Battery® (NAB®) | Mazes test is used to measure reasoning and problem-solving. | Baseline (before the phase II intervention) |
| Mazes test from The Neuropsychological Assessment Battery® (NAB®) | Mazes test is used to measure reasoning and problem-solving. | 3-week post intervention (after 6-session of the phase II intervention) |
| The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)-short form | The anxiety and depression subscales (13 items) of DASS is used for monitoring the negative emotional states of the participants. The total score is 39 with a higher scores indicating a higher level of emotional problems. | Baseline (before the phase I intervention) |
| The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)-short form | The anxiety and depression subscales (13 items) of DASS is used for monitoring the negative emotional states of the participants. The total score is 39 with a higher scores indicating a higher level of emotional problems. | 3-week post intervention (after 6-session of the phase I intervention) |
| The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)-short form | The anxiety and depression subscales (13 items) of DASS is used for monitoring the negative emotional states of the participants. The total score is 39 with a higher scores indicating a higher level of emotional problems. | Baseline (before the phase II intervention) |
| The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)-short form | The anxiety and depression subscales (13 items) of DASS is used for monitoring the negative emotional states of the participants. The total score is 39 with a higher scores indicating a higher level of emotional problems. | 3-week post intervention (after 6-session of the phase II intervention) |