In this study, the bladder training include intermittent urethral catheter clamping combined with active urination training, which the investigators called ICCAUT strategy. This prospective, single-center, randomized controlled trial will recruit participants with rectal cancer. The participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the ICCAUT group or the free-drainage group. In the ICCAUT group, the participants will undergo intermittent clamping of the urinary catheter prior to its removal. Each time the catheter is released, the investigators will encourage the participants to actively initiate urination to facilitate complete bladder emptying. While participants in the free-drainage group will not receive any specific training. The urinary catheter will be removed on the second day after the surgery for both groups after the bladder is empty. The primary endpoint is the incidence of urinary dysfunction, which include secondary catheterization or incomplete bladder emptying. Secondary endpoints include urinary tract infection, time to first urination after catheter removal, catheter-related bladder discomfort syndrome, postoperative morbidity and mortality, as well as urinary function within 30 days.

Urinary catheter placement is a routine procedure performed in proctectomy. Nevertheless, there is uncertainty regarding the need for bladder training before catheter removal. The purpose of this trial is to examine the impact of bladder training on the urinary retention and secondary catheterization following proctectomy.

In this study, the bladder training include intermittent urethral catheter clamping combined with active urination training, which the investigators called ICCAUT strategy. This prospective, single-center, randomized controlled trial will recruit participants with rectal cancer. The participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the ICCAUT group or the free-drainage group. In the ICCAUT group, the participants will undergo intermittent clamping of the urinary catheter prior to its removal. Each time the catheter is released, the investigators will encourage the participants to actively initiate urination to facilitate complete bladder emptying. While the participants in the free-drainage group will not receive any specific training. The urinary catheter will be removed on the second day after the surgery for both groups after the bladder is empty. The primary endpoint is the incidence of urinary dysfunction, which include secondary catheterization or incomplete bladder emptying. Secondary endpoints include urinary tract infection, time to first urination after catheter removal, catheter-related bladder discomfort syndrome, postoperative morbidity and mortality, as well as urinary function within 30 days.

This trial aims to investigate whether ICCAUT strategy, achieved through intermittent clamping of the catheter combined with active urination training in patients undergoing rectal cancer surgery, can impact the rate of urinary dysfunction compared to direct catheter removal. The findings from this study will provide valuable evidence regarding the manipulation of urinary catheters and help guide clinical practice.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with a confirmed preoperative diagnosis of rectal cancer.
2. Patients with tumors located below the rectosigmoid junction (12 cm from the anal verge), as determined by preoperative computed tomography (CT) or rectal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
3. Patients undergoing laparoscopic or robotic-assisted total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of abdominal surgery involving the rectum, sigmoid colon, left hemicolectomy, bladder resection or partial resection, prostate surgery, or hysterectomy.
2. History of urethral injury, cranial surgery, spinal surgery, stroke with limb dysfunction, or Parkinson's disease.
3. Inability to urinate through the urethra preoperatively due to various reasons (e.g., ureteral puncture or ureterostomy).
4. Presence of urinary tract infection preoperatively.
5. Previously diagnosed with bladder overactivity syndrome, urinary retention or voiding dysfunction, or diabetic bladder disease.
6. Concomitant resection of other pelvic organs was performed during surgery, including the bladder, prostate, uterus, cervix, and vagina, except for simple adnexal resection.
7. Lateral lymph node dissection for rectal cancer.
8. Injury to the ureter, bladder, or urethra during the perioperative period.
9. Preoperative renal dysfunction (serum creatinine level >133 μmol/L).
10. Emergency surgery.
11. Male patients with preoperative benign prostatic hyperplasia receiving medication treatment.
12. Patients with a ureteral stent or ureteral stricture, or bilateral hydronephrosis.
13. Conversion to open surgery.

If other researchers can provide valid reasons or demonstrate a need for additional collaboration, we may consider to share the data upon their request after we complete our study.

after we complete our study.

Researchers can provide valid reasons or demonstrate a need for additional collaboration with us.

The patients and bedside nurses cannot be blinded, but the attending physicians and the medical ultrasound doctor will be blinded. The medical team will ensure that the patients and bedside nurses keep the group assignment confidential from the attending physicians and the medical ultrasound doctor. Unblinding will occur when the patient is discharged, and any instances of premature unblinding will be recorded. Additionally, the data analysts involved in this study will be blinded.