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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Gajda-Med District Hospital | UNKNOWN |
| Cardiology Center Pro Corde | UNKNOWN |
| Healthcare Innovation Technology Lab, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital | UNKNOWN |
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The study evaluates how various therapeutic approaches perform in addressing depression, anxiety symptoms, and stress levels among patients in the second stage of cardiac rehabilitation. This study aims to evaluate the influence of the used therapeutic approaches on psychological outcomes and to compare the effectiveness of these therapies.
Depression, anxiety, and high levels of perceived stress are increasingly common problems associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The relationship between anxiety-depressive disorders and the risk of CVD is confirmed by behavioral and physiological mechanisms. According to the American Heart Association, depression is a negative prognostic factor at all stages of treatment of CVD. The most important risks in people with CVD and anxiety-depressive disorders, as comorbidities, are an increased risk of recurrent cardiovascular events and increased mortality. However, psychological disorders in patients with CVD are still not sufficiently diagnosed and, consequently, are not adequately treated. Therefore, it is necessary to look for effective methods to support cardiac rehabilitation from a psychological perspective.
The first group of patients will receive relaxation-therapeutic recordings (referred to as the Recording Group) in addition to monitored cardiac physical training. The second group will receive virtual reality (VR) therapy (referred to as the VR Group) alongside monitored cardiac physical training. The third group (referred to as the Control Group) will receive Schultz Autogenic Training as a standard supplement to cardiological training.
The aims of the study:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Recordings Group | Experimental | Cardiac rehabilitation supplemented by relaxation-therapeutic recordings |
|
| VR Group | Experimental | Cardiac rehabilitation supplemented by VR therapy |
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| Control Group | Active Comparator | Cardiac rehabilitation supplemented by Schultz Autogenic Training |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac rehabilitation | Behavioral | Four weeks of cardiac rehabilitation conducted in an outpatient care facility. Three times per week (80 minutes per day) cardiologically monitored aerobic training consisting of: 40 minutes of interval training on a cycloergometer and 40 minutes of general fitness exercises. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a fourteen-item scale scoring from 0 to 3 for each item. The first seven items relate to anxiety (HADS-A), and the remaining seven items relate to depression (HADS-D). The global scoring ranges from 0 to 42 with a cut-off point of 8/21 for anxiety and 8/21 for depression. The higher the score, the greater anxiety or depression symptoms. HADS will be performed at the beginning and after four weeks of treatment. | 15 minutes |
| Perception of Stress Questionnaire | The Perception of Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) was created by Plopa and Makarowski. It is a 27-item scale scoring from 1 to 5 points for each item, where 21 items examine the level of stress in the areas of emotional tension, external stress and intrapsychic stress, and six items refer to the lie scale. The global scoring for the perception of stress ranges from 21 to 105, with a cut-off point of 60 for an elevated level of perceived stress. Higher scores indicate higher stress perception. | 20 minutes |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Joanna Szczepańska-Gieracha, Prof. | Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences | Study Director |
| Adam Wrzeciono, MSc. | Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences | Principal Investigator |
| Sandra Jóźwik, Ph.D. | Cardiology Center Pro Corde | Principal Investigator |
| Błażej Cieślik, Ph.D. | Healthcare Innovation Technology Lab, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital | Study Chair |
| Paweł Kiper, Ph.D. | Healthcare Innovation Technology Lab, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital | Study Chair |
| Robert Gajda, Prof. | Gajda-Med District Hospital | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiology Center Pro Corde | Wroclaw | Poland |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31835155 | Background | Natt Och Dag Y, Mehlig K, Rosengren A, Lissner L, Rosvall M. Negative emotional states and negative life events: Consequences for cardiovascular health in a general population. J Psychosom Res. 2020 Feb;129:109888. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109888. Epub 2019 Nov 29. | |
| 30130257 | Background | Silverman AL, Herzog AA, Silverman DI. Hearts and Minds: Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Unsung Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiol Rev. 2019 Jul/Aug;27(4):202-207. doi: 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000228. |
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|
| Relaxation-therapeutic recordings | Behavioral | 8 sessions of relaxation-therapeutic recordings in the non-sleep deep rest concept. The content of the recording is based on the 'body scanning technique', which constitutes the core of the therapy. This approach aims to quiet the overactive sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. During therapy, the patients take a 'journey' through their own body from feet to head. Following the voice of the narrator, the patient focuses on specific body parts, tries to feel this place and then relaxes tense muscles. Relaxation of individual body parts (muscle groups) is combined with breathing exercises. Conscious and mindful breathing deepens the state of relaxation. Additionally, the recording includes therapeutic suggestions related to making a choice between: overload and relief, holding on and letting go, acting and sensing. Furthermore, suggestions focus the patient on inner wisdom that allows them to make the best decisions. |
|
| Virtual reality therapy | Device | 8 sessions of VR therapy (each of them 20 minutes long). As a virtual reality source, VR TierOne device (Stolgraf®) were used. Thanks to using head mounted display and the phenomenon of total immersion VR therapy provides an intense visual, auditory and kinesthetic stimulation. It can have a calming and mood-improving effect or help the patients recognize their psychological resources and motivate to the rehabilitation process. In the virtual therapeutic garden there are a rich set of symbols and metaphors based on Ericksonian Psychotherapy approach.The most important is the Garden of Revival which symbolizes the patient's health. It used to be full of life and energy, now it is neglected, requires work to be revived. In the therapeutic process day by day, the therapist tells the patient a symbolic story about his/her situation. |
|
| Schultz Autogenic Training | Behavioral | 8 sessions of Schultz Autogenic Training (each of them 20 minutes long). |
|
| 22906598 | Background | Szczepanska-Gieracha J, Morka J, Kowalska J, Kustrzycki W, Rymaszewska J. The role of depressive and anxiety symptoms in the evaluation of cardiac rehabilitation efficacy after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012 Nov;42(5):e108-14. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezs463. Epub 2012 Aug 19. |
| 33577375 | Background | Szczepanska-Gieracha J, Jozwik S, Cieslik B, Mazurek J, Gajda R. Immersive Virtual Reality Therapy as a Support for Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Pilot Randomized-Controlled Trial. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2021 Aug;24(8):543-549. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2020.0297. Epub 2021 Feb 11. |
| 34065625 | Background | Jozwik S, Cieslik B, Gajda R, Szczepanska-Gieracha J. Evaluation of the Impact of Virtual Reality-Enhanced Cardiac Rehabilitation on Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Clin Med. 2021 May 16;10(10):2148. doi: 10.3390/jcm10102148. |
| 34440974 | Background | Jozwik S, Cieslik B, Gajda R, Szczepanska-Gieracha J. The Use of Virtual Therapy in Cardiac Rehabilitation of Female Patients with Heart Disease. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021 Jul 28;57(8):768. doi: 10.3390/medicina57080768. |
| 35455922 | Background | Jozwik S, Wrzeciono A, Cieslik B, Kiper P, Szczepanska-Gieracha J, Gajda R. The Use of Virtual Therapy in Cardiac Rehabilitation of Male Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Randomized Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Apr 16;10(4):745. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10040745. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D003324 | Coronary Artery Disease |
| D019964 | Mood Disorders |
| D003863 | Depression |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003327 | Coronary Disease |
| D017202 | Myocardial Ischemia |
| D006331 | Heart Diseases |
| D001161 | Arteriosclerosis |
| D001157 | Arterial Occlusive Diseases |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000072038 | Cardiac Rehabilitation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
| D005791 | Patient Care |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D006296 | Health Services |
| D005159 | Health Care Facilities Workforce and Services |
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