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The project will involve a within-subjects, repeated-measures research design. Participants will initially be screened for relevant inclusion/exclusion criteria for maximizing safety of participating in an exercise study. If a participant meets those inclusion/exclusion criteria, they will visit Kessler Foundation three times. The first visit will involve a baseline session where participants will complete several cognitive tests. This will be followed by a training session, where participants will be provided with a FitBit, and will be trained by research staff to walk at a rate of 100 steps per minute. Once participants demonstrate proficiency at walking at this rate using the FitBit, participants will complete several questionnaires, followed by a maximal, graded exercise test to determine cardiorespiratory fitness. One week later, participants will return to Kessler Foundation to complete 1 of 2 experimental sessions that will be delivered in a random order that further will be counterbalanced across participants (to minimize the potential effects of session order on brain function and blood flow, respectively). Both experimental sessions will follow the same structure. First, participants will undertake a 30-minute MRI scan at Kessler Foundation to measure brain function and brain blood flow. Immediately following the MRI scan, participants will engage in either 20 minutes of treadmill walking exercise or 20 minutes of overground walking exercise at a rate of 100 steps per minute. Immediately following the 20-minute exercise bouts, participants will undertake another MRI scan for measuring brain function and brain blood flow. Participants will return to Kessler Foundation a third time to complete the opposite experimental session that was not completed during the second visit (i.e., overground walking exercise if treadmill walking exercise was completed during the second visit). In total, each participant will undergo four MRI scans over the course of the study (i.e., pre-treadmill, post-treadmill, pre-overground, post-overground). .
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Over ground walking exercise | Experimental | Participants will walk around a square hallway at a step rate of ~100 steps per minute for 20 minutes while wearing a Fitbit around the waist for measuring steps. |
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| Treadmill walking exercise | Experimental | Participants will walk on a motor-driven treadmill at a step rate of ~100 steps per minute for 20 minutes while wearing a Fitbit around the waist for measuring steps. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate intensity walking exercise | Behavioral | For each intervention arm, participants will be walking at a moderate intensity, determined based on a step rate of approximately 100 steps per minute (measured by a Fitbit) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Brain Function | MRI-measured resting-state functional connectivity of the thalamus with other areas of the brain | Weeks 2 and 3 |
| Brain Blood Flow | MRI-measured cerebral blood flow perfusion in the left and right hemispheres | Weeks 2 and 3 |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Aerobic fitness | Cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak)) based on a maximal graded exercise test on a motor-driven treadmill | Week 1 |
| Average steps per day | Free-living physical activity based on average steps per day measured by an ActiGraph accelerometer for a 7-day period |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kessler Foundation | West Orange | New Jersey | 07052 | United States |
We will share de-identified IPD upon request for inclusion in potential meta-analyses
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009103 | Multiple Sclerosis |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020278 | Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS |
| D020274 | Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D003711 | Demyelinating Diseases |
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Participants will complete two single bouts of walking exercise. One bout of walking exercise involves walking at a moderate intensity over ground, and the other bout of walking exercise involves walking at a moderate intensity on a treadmill. The order of walking exercise bouts will be randomly determined and counterbalanced across participants. Before and after each bout of walking exercise, participants will complete an MRI scan to measure brain connectivity and brain blood flow.
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| Week 1 |
| Cognitive processing speed | Performance on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (raw score). Higher scores are indicative of faster cognitive processing speed | Week 1 |
| Aerobic fitness | Cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., time to exhaustion) based on a maximal graded exercise test on a motor-driven treadmill | Week 1 |
| Verbal learning and memory | Performance on the California Verbal Learning Test II (raw score). Higher scores are indicative of better learning and memory | Week 1 |
| Visuospatial learning and memory | Performance on the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (raw score). Higher scores are indicative of better visuospatial learning and memory | Week 1 |
| Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity | Free-living physical activity based on time spent in moderate-to-vigorous activity measured by an ActiGraph accelerometer for a 7-day period | Week 1 |
| D001327 | Autoimmune Diseases |
| D007154 | Immune System Diseases |
| D001519 | Behavior |