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The current study intends to recruit participants with schizophrenia for the practice of Baduanjin, brisk walking, and health education after enrollment. The study also including a maintenance program. Cognitive and physical function assessments will be conducted before, after, and during follow-up tests. The research hypothesis posits that both Baduanjin and brisk walking will confer beneficial effects on various aspects of cognitive and physical functions.
Cognitive function deficits are core features in patients with schizophrenia. These deficits need active intervention to prevent functional decline. Baduanjin and brisk walking show promise as interventions in patients with schizophrenia. This study investigated the effects of Baduanjin exercise versus brisk walking in patients with schizophrenia.
This study will be a single-blind, 3-arm, parallel, randomized controlled trial.
A total of 72 patients with schizophrenia will be enrolled and randomly assigned to the Baduanjin group, brisk walking group or control group. The intervention group will practice Badunjin exercise. While participants in brisk walking group will receive brisk walking at the same duration. The controls will watch videos that are not aimed at improving physical exertion. Maintenance programs will also be conducted for participants to encourage practicing in exercise after intervention. All group will undergo evaluation at three time points: baseline, immediately after intervention and 4-week follow up after intervention. The primary outcome will be cognitive function and physical function. Secondary outcomes will include mood, sleep quality, and quality of live.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baduanjin | Experimental | Parcipants will practice baduanjin exercise. |
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| Brisk walking | Active Comparator | Parcipants will perform brisk walking activities. |
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| health education | Other | Parcipants will receive health education classes and watch sport related videos. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baduanjin exercsie | Behavioral | The Baduanjin exercise consists of 8 postures, with emphasis on different body parts. The exercise is commonly practiced as follows: (1) 2 hands holding up the heavens, (2) drawing the bow to shoot the eagle, (3) separating the heaven and earth, (4) wise owl gazing backwards, (5) swaying the head and shaking the tail, (6) 2 hands holding the feet to strengthen the waist, (7) clenching the fists and glaring fiercely, and (8) bouncing on the toes. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change score of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) | BACS is a battery of cognition tests that measure verbal memory, working memory, motor speed, verbal fluency, attention and processing speed, and executive function.The BACS is comprised of seven subtests: (1) the List Learning Test, (2) Digit Sequencing Test, (3) Token Motor Test, (4) Category Instance Test, (5) Controlled Oral Word Association Test, (6) Symbol Coding, and (7) Tower of London Test. | Baseline, immediate after treatment, 4-week follow up |
| Change scores of 6-minute walk test | This test evaluates cardiovascular fitness and walking speed. | Baseline, immediate after treatment, 4-week follow up |
| Change scores of 30-second chair stand test | This test evaluates muscular endurance of lower-extremities. | Baseline, immediate after treatment, 4-week follow up |
| Change scores of Timed up-and-go test | This test evaluates functional mobility, agility and balance | Baseline, immediate after treatment, 4-week follow up |
| Change scores of dual task Timed up-and-go test (manual) | This test requires carry a cup of water 3 cm from the top of the cup while performing the Timed up-and-go test. It evaluates dual task performance. | Baseline, immediate after treatment, 4-week follow up |
| Change scores of dual task Timed up-and-go test (cognitive) | This test combine serial three counting and Timed up-and-go test simultaneously. It evaluates dual task performance. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change score of Depression, Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) | DASS-21 is a self-report questionnaire that measure symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. | Baseline, immediate after treatment, 4-week follow up |
| Change score of Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Based on self-representation of gender identity.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Chen Chyi-Rong, Master | Chang gung memorial hospital, Kaohsiung branch | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center | Kaohsiung City | 833 | Taiwan |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012559 | Schizophrenia |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D004194 | Disease |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019967 | Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
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| Brisk walking | Behavioral | The brisk walking will be gradually increased physical exertion from light to moderate of intensity. During the training period, the heart rate of participants will be monitored. |
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| Health education | Behavioral | Health education will include lecture classes. Video watching will watch videos which were not aim at improving physical exertion, such as sports games or sports related variety shows |
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| Baseline, immediate after treatment, 4-week follow up |
PSQI is a self-report assessment which contains 19 items to measure sleep quality |
| Baseline, immediate after treatment, 4-week follow up |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |