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Complications related to the gastrointestinal system can occur in patients receiving enteral nutrition. These complications may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, decreased bowel sounds, abdominal distension, increased gastric residual volume, and abdominal pain. To prevent and treat food intolerance, as well as to increase gastric emptying, the use of prokinetic agents is often preferred. However, these drugs have various side effects, such as abdominal cramps, allergies, bronchospasm, cardiac issues, and pancreatic disorders. One non-pharmacological method that can be applied to increase bowel motility and reduce abdominal distension and constipation is heat application. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of heat application to the abdominal and lumbar regions, using a hot water bag, on gastrointestinal system functions in patients receiving continuous enteral nutrition.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heat Application | Experimental | Heat will be applied to the abdominal/lumbar area for 15 minutes. |
|
| Control Group | No Intervention | No intervention will be made. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heat Application | Other | The researcher will conduct daily measurements of gastric residual volume (GRV) and abdominal circumference, listen to bowel sounds, and assess distension from the first day of enteral nutrition initiation. Additionally, they will record the frequency of vomiting/defecation. Subsequently, a 15-minute hot application will be applied to the abdominal/lumbar region. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Gastric residual volume | GRV measurement will be made 30 minutes after stopping feeding. It will be evaluated before and after application. | 7 days |
| Abdominal Distension | Abdominal distension will be assessed 30 minutes after stopping feeding. The palpation method will be used. Additionally, abdominal circumference will be measured with a tape measure. Evaluation will be made before and after the intervention. | 7 days |
| Bowel sounds | Bowel sounds should be evaluated 30 minutes after stopping feeding. Bowel sounds are listened to with a stethoscope for one minute. It will be evaluated before and after the intervention. | 7 days |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Defecation Patterns | measure defecation frequency and nature | 7 days |
| Vomiting | The number of vomitings during the day is recorded | 7 days |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Özlem Ceyahn | Contact | +903522076666 | 28561 | ozlemg@erciyes.edu.tr |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31710593 | Background | Dehghan M, Fatehi Poor A, Mehdipour-Rabori R, Ahmadinejad M. Effect of abdominal massage on prevention of aspiration in intubated and enterally fed patients: A randomized controlled trial. J Complement Integr Med. 2020 Sep 23;17(3). doi: 10.1515/jcim-2017-0124. | |
| 36528462 | Background | Zhang W, Zhou W, Kong Y, Li Q, Huang X, Zhao B, Su H, Chen S, Shen X, Qiu Z. The effect of abdominal massage on enteral nutrition tolerance in patients on mechanical ventilation: A Randomized Controlled Study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2023 Apr;75:103371. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103371. Epub 2022 Dec 15. |
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| 22472671 | Background | Uysal N, Eser I, Akpinar H. The effect of abdominal massage on gastric residual volume: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2012 Mar-Apr;35(2):117-23. doi: 10.1097/SGA.0b013e31824c235a. |
| 28746113 | Background | Makino Y, Choe MA. Effects of Hot Packs on Small-Intestinal Motility Measured by Doppler Ultrasound and Subjective Feelings in Normal Adults. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2017 Jul/Aug;40(4):279-286. doi: 10.1097/SGA.0000000000000222. |