The goal of this single-center prospective, randomized, open-label clinical trial is to compare the effectiveness of imaging-based DBS programming with threshold assessment-based DBS programming in patients with Parkinson's disease and motor response fluctuations.

The main question the study aims to answer is:

Is the improvement of motor symptoms in the OFF-drug phase following STN DBS for Parkinson's disease, using imaging-based DBS programming only, non-inferior to the improvement of motor symptoms following DBS programming with threshold assessment at six months follow-up?

Participants will be randomized to imaging-based programming or to threshold assessment-based programming. The main clinical outcome is motor symptoms; secondary outcomes are level of physical disability and quality of life, among others.

Rationale:

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an established treatment for disabling motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Correct programming of DBS settings to provide optimal stimulation within the target region is crucial for a successful clinical outcome. To date, programming DBS settings is based on the selection of contact point(s) and stimulation parameters with standardized threshold assessments: for each contact point the current is increased in small steps and the severity of motor symptoms and possible adverse effects are assessed with each step. This process is challenging and time consuming because of the vast number of possible parameter combinations. Furthermore, individual variation in patient anatomy, placement of DBS leads and the occurrence of adverse effects must be considered. This results in long programming sessions that can be exhausting for patients and often leads to inconclusive results due to fatigue. Imaging techniques have been improved greatly over the years and could be useful for programming of DBS settings based on patient-specific anatomy.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to determine whether imaging-based DBS programming for the treatment of Parkinson's motor symptoms in STN DBS is non-inferior to the current standard practice of clinical threshold assessment-based DBS programming.

Study design:

The study is a single-center prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end-point (PROBE design) clinical trial. Following surgery for DBS implantation, in total 132 patients will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to initial imaging-based DBS programming (Imaging group) or to DBS programming based on initial threshold assessment (Threshold group). Follow-up is six months and consists of 3 study visits.

Study population:

Patients are eligible for the trial if they will have bilateral STN DBS for Parkinson motor symptoms at Amsterdam UMC.

Interventions:

In both groups (i.e., Imaging and Threshold), DBS programming will start two to three weeks after DBS surgery. For the DBS programming patients are admitted in the hospital for a day while they are off Parkinson medication.

Imaging group:

With the use imaging investigators are capable to visualize the location of the DBS lead within the individual's segmented anatomy and volume of tissue activated (VTA; i.e., the tissue enclosed within an iso-surface of the activation function), this may have the potential to improve programming of the stimulation parameters and outcomes. For this, the postoperative CT-scan is used to localize the DBS leads and the surrounding anatomic structures are reconstructed with the patient's preoperative MRI scan. Based on the patient-specific anatomy the DBS settings (appropriate contacts, amplitude, and pulse width) can be determined that produce the ideal VTA within the target and minimalizing stimulation of the surrounding structures. These settings can then be used as starting point for the programming of the stimulation parameters.

Threshold group:

Each DBS-electrode has four to 16 contact points, close to the tip, from where electrical current can be emitted. When programming DBS, the contact point or combination of contact points used for stimulation and the optimal electrical stimulation parameters are chosen. Two to three weeks after the surgery the clinician turns on the DBS. For this purpose, the patient is admitted to the hospital, and the initial threshold assessment is performed for each contact point. A crucial step in this process is to determine for each separate contact point, the amount of current needed to generate symptomatic improvement and the amount of current that generates adverse effects. To determine these thresholds, current is increased with 0.5 milliampere (mA) steps from 0 to approximately 5.0 mA, sequentially for each contact point, and the severity of Parkinson symptoms and possible adverse effects are assessed with each step. For this threshold-assessment, patients have to be off Parkinson medication (OFF-drug phase). Based on the threshold-assessments the active contact point(s) and stimulation parameters are selected. The DBS current is usually gradually increased over weeks to months with corresponding adjustments of the pharmacological treatment. For patients with bilateral DBS and four contact points on each electrode, the threshold-assessment takes about three hours.

The patient has a 50% chance of being randomized to initial imaging-based DBS programming (i.e., Imaging group). The expected benefit for this group is that they will not need the threshold-assessment and therefore have less burden due to less hospital visits for the programming. There are no extra risks associated with participation in this study. If the stimulation parameters found with imaging-based programming only do not yield enough effect in the Imaging group, the healthcare professionals can choose to execute the threshold-assessment for these patients.

Impact:

The results of the study may well contribute to reducing the burden of DBS treatment. If imaging-based programming is non-inferior to threshold assessment-based programming, this may result in more efficient programming sessions with reduced programming time (less use of health-care resources) and less discomfort for patients.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Parkinson's disease diagnosis based on the clinical diagnostic criteria of Movement Disorder Society
• Scheduled for DBS screening
• Age of 18 years or older
• Understand the Dutch language

Exclusion Criteria:

• Legally incompetent adults
• No written informed consent
• Previous functional stereotactic neurosurgery
• Dementia
• Current depression or psychosis

All individual participant data that underlie results in the publication will be made available

It will be made available one year after the last study visit of the last participant

Upon request

Patients cannot be blinded for the treatment allocation, because the person who programs the DBS receives either dictated stimulation parameters based on imaging or proceeds with care as usual with the threshold assessment. Blinded assessment of the primary outcome will be done by means of a physical examination blinded for randomization arm.