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The serratus anterior plane block (SAPB) is an anterolateral thoracic wall block that was described in 2013 by Blanco et al. who presented it as an alternative to other regional anesthetic techniques. It has been described in adults as an adjunct to general anesthesia or as a primary anesthetic technique for breast surgery, it has not been widely utilized as a primary anesthetic technique in the pediatric population. It was designed to block primarily the thoracic intercostal nerves and to provide complete analgesia of the lateral part of the thorax. It provides a viable alternative to paravertebral blockade and central neuraxial block in this patient population The investigators believe that the bilateral two-level injection technique may provide effective analgesia as its efficacy was not properly investigated in corrective heart surgeries with median sternotomy in the pediatric population.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| SAPB group | Experimental | bilateral two-level SAPB is performed with the guidance of ultrasound. While the patient is in the supine position with their arms abducted, the US probe is placed in longitudinal plane to visualize and count the ribs down from the clavicle while moving the transducer laterally and distally to identify the muscles overlying the 3rd and 6th ribs at the mid axillary line. Using in- plane approach, a 22-gauge short bevel needle is inserted and advanced to the plane deep to the serratus anterior muscle at the level of 3rd and 6th ribs bilaterally in succession over which a total volume of 1.5ml/kg bupivacaine 0.125% is divided and injected (0.75ml/kg on each side); with total dose not exceeding 2.5 mg/kg. |
|
| control group | No Intervention | Intraoperative fentanyl without nerve block |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilateral two level serratus anterior block | Procedure | bilateral two-level SAPB is performed with the guidance of ultrasound. While the patient is in the supine position with their arms abducted, the US probe is placed in longitudinal plane to visualize and count the ribs down from the clavicle while moving the transducer laterally and distally to identify the muscles overlying the 3rd and 6th ribs at the mid axillary line. Using in- plane approach, a 22-gauge short bevel needle is inserted and advanced to the plane deep to the serratus anterior muscle at the level of 3rd and 6th ribs bilaterally in succession over which a total volume of 1.5ml/kg bupivacaine 0.125% is divided and injected (0.75ml/kg on each side); with total dose not exceeding 2.5 mg/kg. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Postoperative Fentanyl consumption | in the first 24 hours post-operatively |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| intraoperative heart rate | After induction of anesthesia (baseline), after skin incision, after sternotomy, during aortic cannulation, and 15 minutes after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass | Intraoperative period |
| Intraoperative systolic blood pressure |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abu El Reesh pediatric university hospital | Cairo | Egypt |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27440171 | Background | Mayes J, Davison E, Panahi P, Patten D, Eljelani F, Womack J, Varma M. An anatomical evaluation of the serratus anterior plane block. Anaesthesia. 2016 Sep;71(9):1064-9. doi: 10.1111/anae.13549. Epub 2016 Jul 20. | |
| 39880711 | Background | Ren Y, Li L, Gao J, Hua L, Zheng T, Wang F, Zhang J. Regional Analgesia in Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2025 Apr;39(4):1037-1048. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2024.12.043. Epub 2025 Jan 9. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006330 | Heart Defects, Congenital |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D018376 | Cardiovascular Abnormalities |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D006331 | Heart Diseases |
| D000013 | Congenital Abnormalities |
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|
After induction of anesthesia (baseline), after skin incision, after sternotomy, during aortic cannulation, and 15 minutes after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass |
| Intraoperative period |
| Intraoperative additional boluses of fentanyl | additional boluses of fentanyl at a dose of 0.5 µg/kg whenever HR or SBP increased more than 20% of baseline | Intraoperative period |
| Postoperative heart rate | at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours post-operatively |
| Postoperative systolic blood pressure | at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours post-operatively |
| Postoperative Face, Leg, Activity, Cry, Consolability "FLACC" pain scale | Postoperative pain intensity measured by FLACC scale in children. The score ranges from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates no pain, 1-3 mild discomfort, 4-6 moderate pain, and 7-10 severe pain/discomfort. | at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours post-operatively |
| Time to first rescue analgesia | first incidence of fentanyl bolus in the postoperative phase if FLACC score is 4 or more, targeting FLACC score of 3 or less | recorded during the first 24 hours after surgery (in hours unit) |
| Time to extubation | Either within 2, 6, 12, or 24 hours after surgery | 24 hours post-operatively |
| Incidence of complications | Complications including postoperative vomiting, hematoma formation, ithching, or local anesthetic toxicity | 24 hours post-operatively |
| 33922824 | Background | Egbuta C, Mason KP. Current State of Analgesia and Sedation in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. J Clin Med. 2021 Apr 23;10(9):1847. doi: 10.3390/jcm10091847. |
| 21955825 | Background | Mazzeffi M, Khelemsky Y. Poststernotomy pain: a clinical review. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2011 Dec;25(6):1163-78. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2011.08.001. Epub 2011 Sep 29. No abstract available. |
| 9366943 | Background | Shenkman Z, Shir Y, Weiss YG, Bleiberg B, Gross D. The effects of cardiac surgery on early and late pulmonary functions. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1997 Oct;41(9):1193-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04865.x. |
| 20305922 | Background | Sasseron AB, Figueiredo LC, Trova K, Cardoso AL, Lima NM, Olmos SC, Petrucci O. Does the pain disturb the respiratory function after open heart surgery? Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2009 Oct-Dec;24(4):490-6. doi: 10.1590/s0102-76382009000500010. English, Portuguese. |
| 15100899 | Background | Ergun A, Sirlak M. [Pulmonary function test before and after operation of coronary artery by-pass surgery]. Tuberk Toraks. 2003;51(1):17-22. Turkish. |
| 30197534 | Background | Zubrzycki M, Liebold A, Skrabal C, Reinelt H, Ziegler M, Perdas E, Zubrzycka M. Assessment and pathophysiology of pain in cardiac surgery. J Pain Res. 2018 Aug 24;11:1599-1611. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S162067. eCollection 2018. |
| 28767509 | Background | Guimaraes-Pereira L, Reis P, Abelha F, Azevedo LF, Castro-Lopes JM. Persistent postoperative pain after cardiac surgery: a systematic review with meta-analysis regarding incidence and pain intensity. Pain. 2017 Oct;158(10):1869-1885. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000997. |
| 37364851 | Background | He Y, Xu M, Li Z, Deng L, Kang Y, Zuo Y. Safety and feasibility of ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block and intercostal nerve block for management of post-sternotomy pain in pediatric cardiac patients: A prospective, randomized trial. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2023 Dec;42(6):101268. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2023.101268. Epub 2023 Jun 24. |
| 32360008 | Background | Kupeli I, Adilovic AS. The "Feasibility" And "Safety" Of Ultrasound Guided Bilateral Two Level Serratus Anterior Plane Block in Children With Median Sternotomy Pain: A Case Series. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021 Jan;35(1):270-273. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.03.020. Epub 2020 Mar 19. No abstract available. |
| 32717448 | Background | Abdelbaser II, Mageed NA. Analgesic efficacy of ultrasound guided bilateral transversus thoracis muscle plane block in pediatric cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. J Clin Anesth. 2020 Dec;67:110002. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110002. Epub 2020 Jul 24. |
| 16490089 | Background | Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Burke C, Merkel S, Tait AR. The revised FLACC observational pain tool: improved reliability and validity for pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment. Paediatr Anaesth. 2006 Mar;16(3):258-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2005.01773.x. |
| 20045849 | Background | Voepel-Lewis T, Zanotti J, Dammeyer JA, Merkel S. Reliability and validity of the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability behavioral tool in assessing acute pain in critically ill patients. Am J Crit Care. 2010 Jan;19(1):55-61; quiz 62. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2010624. |
| 9220806 | Background | Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, Malviya S. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 1997 May-Jun;23(3):293-7. |
| 23923989 | Background | Blanco R, Parras T, McDonnell JG, Prats-Galino A. Serratus plane block: a novel ultrasound-guided thoracic wall nerve block. Anaesthesia. 2013 Nov;68(11):1107-13. doi: 10.1111/anae.12344. Epub 2013 Aug 7. |
| 35075035 | Background | Tewari P, Hajela K, Ahmad SS. Bilateral superficial serratus anterior plane block in a pediatric patient for post-operative analgesia undergoing asd repair via median sternotomy- A case report. Ann Card Anaesth. 2022 Jan-Mar;25(1):116-118. doi: 10.4103/aca.aca_113_21. |
| 33827348 | Background | Devarajan J, Balasubramanian S, Shariat AN, Bhatt HV. Regional Analgesia for Cardiac Surgery. Part 2: Peripheral Regional Analgesia for Cardiac Surgery. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021 Dec;25(4):265-279. doi: 10.1177/10892532211002382. Epub 2021 Apr 8. |
| 32062870 | Background | Jack JM, McLellan E, Versyck B, Englesakis MF, Chin KJ. The role of serratus anterior plane and pectoral nerves blocks in cardiac surgery, thoracic surgery and trauma: a qualitative systematic review. Anaesthesia. 2020 Oct;75(10):1372-1385. doi: 10.1111/anae.15000. Epub 2020 Feb 16. |
| D009358 | Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities |