Comparison of the Performances of the Train-of-Four Ratio and the Modified Train-of-Four Ratio During Reversal of Deep Neuromuscular Blockade With Sugammadex
Comparison of the Performances of the Train-of-Four Ratio and the Modified Train-of-Four Ratio During Reversal of Deep Neuromuscular Blockade With Sugammadex
It is known that deep neuromuscular block improves surgical conditions, especially during laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Based on this, in the Perioperative Neuromuscular Blockade Management guide published by the ESAIC association in 2022, it is recommended to deepen the level of neuromuscular blockade in cases where surgical conditions need to be improved. Sugammadex should be used to quickly and reliably reverse deep neuromuscular blockade. TOFScan, a 3-dimensional acceleromyograph for neuromuscular monitoring, has become widely used in recent years. With this monitor, it has been shown that in addition to the classical train-of-four ratio (cTOFR), the modified train-of-four ratio (mTOFR) can be used during the spontaneous recovery of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade. In a study conducted by Schmartz et al. in 2021, it was shown that mTOFR, which is the ratio of T4 to the reference stimulus, was compiled later than cTOFR. Therefore, it is suggested that the mTOFR value is a better determinant for safe extubation.
Neuromuscular blockers (NMB) agents are commonly used drugs in anesthesia for facilitating airway management, improving surgical conditions, and inducing immobility in critical situations. As a natural consequence of their use, postoperative residual neuromuscular block has been associated with serious postoperative complications such as upper airway obstruction, reintubation, atelectasis, pneumonia, prolonged stay in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), and decreased patient satisfaction. The incidence of residual block at the end of surgery and/or in the PACU is approximately 64% according to the literature .
Various factors contribute to the high incidence of residual neuromuscular block, including variability in the duration of action of neuromuscular blocker agents, variability in the time it takes for antagonist drugs to restore neuromuscular function, and clinicians' reliance on unreliable methods for assessing neuromuscular strength, such as continuous head lifting, grip strength, or respiratory measurements (e.g., tidal volume, inspiratory force), and the subjective evaluation of peripheral nerve stimulation responses . Residual neuromuscular block is a significant patient safety concern, and its detection and risk reduction are crucial for improving patient outcomes. One of the objective methods for assessing neuromuscular function is the Train of Four (TOF), which is an acceleromyographic peripheral nerve stimulator.
The effectiveness of TOF as an objective and quantitative assessment of neuromuscular block and its role in reducing postoperative complications has been demonstrated in numerous studies. In 2023, the "American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Monitoring and Antagonism of Neuromuscular Blockade" presented it with a moderate level of evidence and a high recommendation level. Likewise, in 2023, the European Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care's "Perioperative Management of Neuromuscular Blockade" guideline recommended TOF monitoring as part of routine perioperative monitoring with a 1B level of evidence .
TOF involves delivering four brief electrical impulses to a peripheral nerve at a frequency of 2 Hz and evaluating the resulting "twitches." The ratio of the response to the fourth stimulus to the response to the first stimulus (T4/T1) is referred to as the TOF ratio. Acceptable recovery of neuromuscular function is defined as a TOF ratio greater than or equal to 0.9. In a prospective study conducted in 2022 by Schmartz and colleagues, they compared a modified TOF ratio (T4/Tr) to the classic TOF ratio (T4/T1) against a reference measurement and demonstrated that the T4/Tr ratio is a better indicator of readiness for adequate recovery and safe extubation from non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockade compared to the classic TOF ratio (T4/T1) . This result suggests that the classic TOF ratio may overestimate the degree of true neuromuscular recovery, potentially leading to early tracheal extubation, increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, and endangering patient safety.
The aim of our study is to determine whether the differences in mTOF/classic TOF durations, as shown by Schmartz and colleagues in spontaneous neuromuscular recovery, also result in significant differences when rocuronium is reversed with sugammadex.
PROTOCOL:
Consent will be obtained from patients who meet the inclusion criteria during preoperative evaluation. After being admitted to the operating room, demographic information will be recorded and the following steps will be routinely performed.
Monitoring: ECG + NIKB + SpO2 + BIS + acceleromyography + body temperature Premedication: 1 mic/kg fentanyl and 0.05 mg/kg midazolam Preoxygenation: 3 minutes using 80% oxygen + 20% air with mask Anaesthesia Induction: 1 mic/kg fentanyl + 1 mg/kg lidocaine + 1 mg/kg propofol (BIS-guided) + 0.5 mic/kg breviblock Neuromuscular monitoring: After all standard preparations Set current to 50 mA Cancel T4/T2 TOF warning (1-2 times) 50 Hz tetanic stimulation for 5 s Calibration TOF warning until stabilisation is achieved (TOFr changes by less than 5% for 2-5 minutes) Muscle relaxation 1 mg/kg (according to ABW, actual) rocuronium/5 s bolus Analgesia 1 mic/kg fentanyl Intubation: Intubation with appropriately sized ETT when BIS is between 40-60, cTOFR: 0% Maintenance: BIS-guided TIVA anaesthesia (total 1 l/min oxygen and air mixture with FiO2 with SpO2 between 95-98) Muscle relaxant maintenance: PTC is measured at 5 minute intervals. PTC 1-2 is targeted. 5 mic/kg/min infusion is started. PTC measurement is continued. When PTC is 0, muscle relaxant infusion is stopped.
Intraoperative follow-up: PTC is measured at 5 minute intervals
Extubation: Extubation is performed when BIS is above 90% and cTOFR is 90% and above.
The patient is followed in the operating room until cTOFR and mTOFR are 100%.
During the perioperative course, the patient's TOFscan (cTOFR - mTOFR) data, the amount of neuromuscular blockers used, and the need for reversal medication are recorded.
STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY:
Sample Size The sample size required for the study was based on the difference between classical TOF and mTOF in neuromuscular recovery with Sugammadex. Accordingly, the required sample size for this study was calculated as 199 when the sample calculation was performed with the paired t test in dependent groups at 80% power and 0.05 significance level for a value of 0.2 indicating a low magnitude effect.
GPOWER 3.1 was used for sample calculation. Source: Cohen, J (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Social Sciences (2nd. Edition). Hillsdale, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Statistical Methods Descriptive statistics will be given as frequency (%) for categorical variables, mean ± standard deviation and median (minimum-maximum) for continuous variables. In the comparison of dependent groups, paired t test will be used when the assumption of normal distribution is met and Wilcoxon test will be used when the assumption of normal distribution is not met. Statistical significance level will be accepted as p<0.05. The evaluation of the data will be done in SPSS 11.5 for Windows programme.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: