The goal of this clinical trial is to compare different mechanical ventilation settings in Patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery and affected by Expiratory flow limitation. The main question[s] it aims to answer are:

• If individualizing mechanical ventilation on expiratory flow limitation can reduce pulmonary postoperative complications;
• If patients with expiratory flow limitation have a higher incidence of pulmonary postoperative complications as compared to patients with no expiratory flow limitation;

Participants will be screened for expiratory fow limitation and patients with positive screening will be randomized into two groups. Each group will receive a different intraoperative mechanical ventilation:

• Personalized positive end-expiratory pressure based on EFL
• Standard of care positive end-expiratory pressure

Researchers will then compare the two groups to see if the incidence of pulmonary postoperative complications in the first 7 days after surgery is different.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Ages between 18 and 90 years old;
• Patients undergoing laparoscopic, robotic surgery
• Surgery performed in elective regimen;
• Length of mechanical ventilation more than 120 minutes;
• Presence of invasive pressure monitoring for clinical purposes;

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age < 18 or > 90;
• Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with GOLD stage 3 or 4;
• Length of mechanical ventilation less than 120 minutes;
• Unplanned conversion to laparotomy surgery;
• Refusal to participate by the patient;
• Anesthesia maintenance using Desflurane.