To estimate the safety and efficacy of hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) combine Tislelizumab and Lenvatinib (HAI-TIS-LEN) in the Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with type IV(Vp4) portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT).

According to the Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer, patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accompanied by portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) are classified as being in an advanced stage (CNLC IIIa). PVTT, particularly the type IV (Vp4), is considered a highly concerning complication of HCC due to its significant morbidity and mortality rates. Furthermore, the absence of effective treatment options contributes to an unfavorable prognosis.

Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) delivers chemotherapy drugs directly through a catheter into the nourishing arteries of the tumor, maintaining a high concentration of chemotherapeutic agents within the tumor and tumor thrombus, thereby promoting necrosis. HAIC with modified FOLFOX (oxaliplatin, 85 mg/m2, leucovorin 400 mg/m2, 5-fluorouracil bolus 400 mg/m2 on day 1; and 5-fluorouracil infusion 2400 mg/m2 for 46 h) could significantly prolong survival time for HCC patients with PVTT.

In recent years, official guidelines have approved several immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced HCC. Lenvatinib, an innovative oral anti-neovascularity inhibitor, has demonstrated comparable efficacy to sorafenib in HCC patients, as evidenced by the REFLECT study. Additionally, the exploration of programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, either alone or in combination with targeted therapy, has been confirmed as effective for advanced HCC.

Against this background, researchers have initiated a prospective, single-arm, Stage II clinical trial to assess the effectiveness and safety of HAIC combined with Tislelizumab and Lenvatinib (HAI-TIS-LEN) for advanced HCC with Vp4 involvement. A total of 45 subjects will be enrolled in this trial. The primary endpoint of the study is the median overall survival (mOS), the secondary endpoints including the overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), median progression-free survival (mPFS), time-to-progression (TTP), and safety assessment. The safety assessment will be conducted in accordance with the standard adverse reaction classification outlined in the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v5.0).

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Histologically, cytologically, or clinically confirmed diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

2. Age between 18 and 75 years.

3. Presence of type 4 portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT).

4. Child-Pugh A or B liver function.

5. Eastern Cooperative Group performance status (ECOG) score of 0-2.

6. Satisfactory blood, liver, and kidney function parameters, including:

   • (a) Hemoglobin concentration ≥ 8.5 g/dL, neutrophil count ≥ 1.5 × 10^9/L, platelet count ≥ 40 × 10^9/L.
   • (b) Serum albumin concentration ≥ 30 g/L, bilirubin ≤ 50 μmol/L, AST and ALT < 5 × upper limit of normal (ULN), and alkaline phosphatase < 4 × ULN.
   • (c) Extended prothrombin time < 6 seconds of ULN.
   • (d) Serum creatinine < 1.5 × ULN.

7. Ability to comprehend the protocol and provide informed consent by signing a written document.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of a second primary malignant tumor.
2. Severe dysfunction of the heart, kidneys, or other organs.
3. Evidence of hepatic decompensation, including ascites, active gastrointestinal bleeding, or hepatic encephalopathy.
4. Pregnancy or lactation.
5. Known history of HIV.
6. History of organ allograft.
7. Known or suspected allergy to investigational agents or any agent administered in conjunction with this trial.
8. Active gastric or duodenal ulcers within 3 months before enrollment.
9. Incomplete medical data or loss to follow-up.

The data that support the findings of this study will be openly available in Research Data Deposit at https://www.researchdata.org.cn, after publication.

Submission of data starting 6 months after publication, expected to be open for 6 months.

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