This study, based on preliminary experimental results, literature review, and expert consultations, developed the Attentional Rating Scale (ARS). The aim was to rapidly assess participants' attention and potential influencing factors. The research focused on the scale's reliability and validity among healthy adults. Additionally, the Attention Network Test (ANT) served as the gold standard for evaluating attention. The study attempted to identify correlations between various dimensions of attention and the three attentional networks.

1. To adiministrate 60 healthy subjects to evaluate internal consistency reliability.
2. To choose 20 cases for ARS retesting 7 days after the first ARS evaluation.
3. To evaluate the split half reliability through the Spearman Brown coefficient.
4. To apply principal component analysis for structural validity analysis.
5. Using the Attention Network Test (ANT) and Toronto Hospital Alertness Test (THE) as gold standards, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used for criterion validity analysis.
6. To administrate 60 patients with MDD, ADHD and insomnia disorder testing the discrimination validity of ARS.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed according to DSM-5, or Chronic Insomnia Disorder diagnosed according to ICSD-3
2. Ages between 18 and 60 years old
3. Right-handed
4. Educational level ≥5 years or IQ ≥90, capable of understanding and reading Chinese.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Currently diagnosed with any other DSM-5 mental disorders (according to MINI 7.0) or ICSD-3 sleep-wake disorders, apart from MDD, ADHD or insomnia disorder
2. Currently and past history of neurological disorders and physical illnesses with subjectives
3. Consumed alcohol in the week preceding the enrollment
4. Using antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, or other central nervous system-acting drugs for at least 4 weeks in the current episode
5. Undergoing any physical treatments such as ECT, neuromodulation therapy or Traditional Chinese Medicine treatment in the past 6 months
6. Refused to sign the informed consent form

Sixty cases of patients diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), ADHD and insomnia disorder separately are recruited from outpatient clinics and hospital wards. Additionally, sixty healthy individuals are recruited from the community as control subjects.