Systemic therapy is the primary option for managing advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab (A+B) has emerged as the first-choice treatment for advanced HCC(IM brave 150). The ORIENT-32 study, also reported an ORR of 24% for sintilimab plus a bevacizumab biosimilar (S+B) versus 8% for sorafenib, with significantly longer OS and PFS. Based on those therapeutic advantages over sorafenib, both the A+B and S+B regimens were approved as first-line treatment options for advanced HCC in China. These two trials had very similar designs but included different target populations. Our previous studies have demonstrated that a novel treatment approach combining transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) has high efficacy in patients with potentially resectable HCC or portal vein tumor thrombus. However, it remains unknown whether combining immune checkpoint inhibitors and macromolecular VEGF-targeted therapy with transvascular local interventions could improve patient prognosis in uHCC.

Inclusion Criteria:

• (a) a confirmed diagnosis of uHCC;
• (b) at least one target lesion evaluable by both RECIST 1.1 and mRECIST criteria;
• (c) Child-Pugh Grade A or B.

Exclusion Criteria:

• (a) previous exposure to other anti-cancer treatments;
• (b) diagnosis of any other primary malignancy;
• (c) significant esophageal varices or observable red wale marks;
• (d) a history of severe cardiac, pulmonary, or renal comorbidities;
• (e) incomplete follow-up records.

This retrospective real-world study enrolled patients treated in three medical centers in China, including Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, and Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital. These patients, diagnosed with treatment-naive uHCC, underwent simultaneous combination TACE-HAIC and A+B or S+B.