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Neuropathic pain is a common complication after spinal cord injury (SCI), which significantly affects the patient's quality of life and may be resistant to pharmacological treatment. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacies of intermittent theta burst (iTBS) and high frequency (10 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) by comparing them with each other and with sham stimulation, in the treatment of neuropathic pain resistant to pharmacological treatment in patients with SCI.
Question 1: Ä°s rTMS anda iTBS treatment, useful for pain severity and the effect of pain on daily functions, in the treatment of neuropathic pain in SCI Question 2: Are rTMS and iTBS treatments effective in depression in patients with neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury?
Pharmacological treatments may be insufficient to limit neuropathic pain. Therefore, research continues for safe and effective new treatments. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that modulates the cortical excitability of the motor area to which it is applied. Theta Burst stimulation (TBS) is a new rTMS method consisting of stimulation sequences in a special pattern. It stands out with its ability to deliver high pulses in a short time and its high capacity to induce cortical plasticity. Intermittent TBS (iTBS) and high frequency rTMS facilitate excitability in the motor area where it is applied, and this effect is used in pain treatment. Pain modulation with these methods has been tried in some studies. Therefore, repetitive magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex by these two methods may be good options for the treatment of neuropathic pain resistant to pharmacological treatment in patients with SCI.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 Hz rTMS group | Active Comparator | To the patients in the high frequency (10 Hz) rTMS (n:9) group, 110% resting motor threshold (rMT), 10 Hz frequency stimulation, 5-second stimulation, and then a total of 30 trains and 1500 pulses at 25-second intervals were applied for 15 minutes while targeting the lower extremity motor area. |
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| iTBS group | Active Comparator | To the patients in iTBS group (n:9), three bursts of stimulation at 50 Hz, repeated every 200 milliseconds, were delivered for 2 seconds every 10 seconds, totaling 600 stimuli at MT intensity, applied for a duration of 200 seconds.10 sessions was applied while targeting the lower extremity motor area. |
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| Sham Group | Sham Comparator | The patients in the sham group (n:8) were given sham stimulation with a sham coil for 10 sessions. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magstim Rapid2 Magnetic Stimulator | Device | For TMS, the Magstim Rapid2 Magnetic Stimulator (Magstim, Whitland, Dyfed, UK) device, available in our center, was used. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in pain severity and pain interference assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF) | Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF) is designed to assess pain in sensory (pain intensity and severity) and reactive dimensions (impact on daily functioning). The BPI-SF consists of two sections. The first section evaluates the intensity of worst, least, average, and current pain using a numerical rating scale (NRS; 0-10). A response of 0 indicates no pain at all quot; and a response of 10 indicates pain as bad as you can imagine. The second section consists of seven questions that assess the impact of pain on general activity, mood, work, walking ability, sleep, relationships with others, and enjoyment of life. Responses are rated on a scale of 0 to 10. A response of 0 in the second section indicates 'does not interfere' and a response of 10 indicates 'completely interferes'. The second section total score is calculated by summing the scores of the seven questions, resulting in a score out of 70. The total score ranges from 0 to 70. | Patients were evaluated with BPI-SF before the treatment, at the end of the treatment (within the first 24 hours after the 10th session) and 4 weeks after the end of the treatment. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in depression severity assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is one of the most commonly used self-assessment scales to determine the level of depression. It consists of 21 items, each containing 4 options that indicate the level of the individual's mood. The patient selects the most appropriate expression for themselves. Each option is scored from 0 to 3, with 0 indicating the mildest and 3 indicating the most severe symptom. The scores from the 21 questions are added up to calculate the total score. The total score ranges from 0 to 63. It is classified as minimal (0-13), mild (14-19), moderate (20-28), and severe (29-63) depression. The Turkish validity and reliability of the scale were conducted. In this study, the BDI was used to assess the level of depression in patients with SCI. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ankara Bilkent City Hospital | Ankara | 06800 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 19002150 | Background | Siddall PJ. Management of neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury: now and in the future. Spinal Cord. 2009 May;47(5):352-9. doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.136. Epub 2008 Nov 11. | |
| 31901449 | Background | Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Di Lazzaro V, Filipovic SR, Grefkes C, Hasan A, Hummel FC, Jaaskelainen SK, Langguth B, Leocani L, Londero A, Nardone R, Nguyen JP, Nyffeler T, Oliveira-Maia AJ, Oliviero A, Padberg F, Palm U, Paulus W, Poulet E, Quartarone A, Rachid F, Rektorova I, Rossi S, Sahlsten H, Schecklmann M, Szekely D, Ziemann U. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014-2018). Clin Neurophysiol. 2020 Feb;131(2):474-528. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.002. Epub 2020 Jan 1. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009437 | Neuralgia |
| D013119 | Spinal Cord Injuries |
| D003863 | Depression |
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010523 | Peripheral Nervous System Diseases |
| D009468 | Neuromuscular Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
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| Patients were evaluated with BDI before the treatment, at the end of the treatment and 4 weeks after the end of the treatment. |
| Patient-reported treatment satisfaction assessed using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not satisfied at all, 5 = very satisfied) | Patient satisfaction with treatment was evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale. 1 represented 'not satisfied at all' and 5 represented very satisfied. | It was administered immediately after the end of treatment and 4 weeks after the end of treatment. |
| Treatment-related discomfort assessed using a 10-cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS; 0 = no discomfort, 10 = worst imaginable discomfort) | 4.The level of discomfort caused by the treatment was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). In this scale, the two ends of a 10 cm line are labeled with the extreme descriptions of the parameter to be evaluated. Although this scale is commonly used for pain assessment, it was used in our study to assess the level of discomfort. The scale ranges from 0 (no discomfort) to 10 (the most severe discomfort the patient has ever experienced in their life), and the patient is asked to mark the region that corresponds to their current condition. The distance of the marked point from the 0 point determines the patient level of discomfort. | It was administered immediately after the end of treatment. |
| 34217600 | Background | Andre-Obadia N, Magnin M, Garcia-Larrea L. Theta-burst versus 20 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in neuropathic pain: A head-to-head comparison. Clin Neurophysiol. 2021 Oct;132(10):2702-2710. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.05.022. Epub 2021 Jun 20. |
| 8080219 | Background | Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singap. 1994 Mar;23(2):129-38. |
| 31741339 | Background | Yildirim Y, Parlar Kilic S, Eyigor S, Eyigor C, Yildirim Y, Karaman E, Oyur Celik G, Uyar M. Validity and reliability of Turkish version of the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form for patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. Agri. 2019 Nov;31(4):195-201. doi: 10.14744/agri.2019.25901. |
| 9636945 | Background | Richter P, Werner J, Heerlein A, Kraus A, Sauer H. On the validity of the Beck Depression Inventory. A review. Psychopathology. 1998;31(3):160-8. doi: 10.1159/000066239. |
| 14977202 | Background | Herwig U, Satrapi P, Schonfeldt-Lecuona C. Using the international 10-20 EEG system for positioning of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Topogr. 2003 Winter;16(2):95-9. doi: 10.1023/b:brat.0000006333.93597.9d. |
| 12849236 | Background | Kobayashi M, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology. Lancet Neurol. 2003 Mar;2(3):145-56. doi: 10.1016/s1474-4422(03)00321-1. |
| 15664172 | Background | Huang YZ, Edwards MJ, Rounis E, Bhatia KP, Rothwell JC. Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron. 2005 Jan 20;45(2):201-6. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.033. |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D013118 | Spinal Cord Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D020196 | Trauma, Nervous System |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |