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A randomized controlled trial was conducted for testing the efficacy of a novel avatar-based intervention (IG), that was compared with a control group (CG) for women with female orgasmic disorder (FOD). Participants were 31 women who were randomly assigned to the intervention or the control conditions. Intervention was based on the cognitive behavioral therapy approach (treatment with the most empirical evidence) and previous literature about FOD. It consisted of 12 weekly online individual sessions and aimed at improving the FOD diagnosis, sexual variables, and variables that are known to affect orgasm consecution. Control group was based on minimum therapeutic contact. Changes over time in the assessed variables were analyzed using linear mixed models, considering treatment group, measurement time point, and group-by-time interactions as fixed effects. Effect sizes were computed (Cohen's d; number needed to treat - NNT; reliable change index - RCI).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Avatar-based Intervention Group | Experimental | Treatment was based on the CBT approach and previous literature about FOD. It consisted of 12 weekly online individual sessions, which were administered once a week (total duration = 3 months) and lasted about 60 minutes each. |
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| Minimal support control group | Active Comparator | It consisted in individual informative talks, during which they were provided with information about female orgasm (e.g., what is an orgasm, neuronal orgasm, factors that may influence consecution, sexual response), masturbatory techniques (e.g., key elements to achieve pleasure, anatomy of the female genitalia, pleasure areas) and techniques to focus attention on one's body (i.e., an important factor to pleasure). Participants received three individual sessions once a month, and had a duration of one hour. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avatar-based intervention | Behavioral | Intervention was aimed at improving sexual variables (sexual satisfaction, sexual function, and initiative and sexual communication), and variables that are known to affect orgasm consecution (sexual self-esteem, sex-guilt, and sexual anxiety). To achieve this objective, it focused on fostering participants' abilities to increase their levels of sexual stimulation, and the engagement in personal values, along with identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts about sexuality. The techniques used included psychosexual education, cognitive restructuring, virtual exposure, sexual stimulation, and engagement in personal values from the acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) perspective. It was delivered via a metaverse: Second Life. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sexual satisfaction assessed by the Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction | Sexual satisfaction is the feeling of pleasure that one has when the sexual desire has been fulfilled. The Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction has minimum-maximum values of 0-112; higher scores mean a worse outcome. The cut-off for determining significant levels of Sexual Satisfaction is 60 (scores equal to or above 60 indicate the existence of a sexual problem). | From baseline to the end of the treatment at 12 weeks + 1 month-follow-up and 3 month-follow-up |
| Sexual functionassessed by the Female Sexual Function Index | Sexual function refers to the capacity of having a satisfactory sexual life. The Female Sexual Function Index has minimum-maximum values of 19-95; higher scores mean a better outcome. The cut-off for determining significant levels of this variable is 55 (scores equal to or below 55 indicate poor Sexual Function). | From baseline to the end of the treatment at 12 weeks + 1 month-follow-up and 3 month-follow-up |
| Initiative and Sexual Communication assessed by the Female Sexual Function Questionnaire | Initiative and Sexual Communication is the proactive and consensual expression of one's sexual desires, interests, and intentions within the context of a sexual relationship or encounter. The Female Sexual Function Questionnaire has minimum-maximum values of 14-70; higher scores mean a better outcome. The cut-off for determining significantly low levels of this variable are scores equal to or lower than 25. | From baseline to the end of the treatment at 12 weeks + 1 month-follow-up and 3 month-follow-up |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sexual self-esteem assessed by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | Self-esteem related to sexuality; may influence on the consecution of orgasms. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale has minimum-maximum values of 10-40; higher scores mean a better outcome. The cut-off for clinical low self-esteem is a score equal to or lower than 25. | From baseline to the end of the treatment at 12 weeks + 1 month-follow-up and 3 month-follow-up |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rey Juan Carlos University | Alcorcón | Madrid | 28922 | Spain |
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Randomized control trial
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| Individual informative talks | Other | Participants were provided with information about female orgasm (e.g., what is an orgasm, neuronal orgasm, factors that may influence consecution, sexual response), masturbatory techniques (e.g., key elements to achieve pleasure, anatomy of the female genitalia, pleasure areas) and techniques to focus attention on one's body (i.e., an important factor to pleasure). Participants received three individual sessions once a month, and had a duration of one hour. |
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| Sex-guilt assessed by the Brief Mosher Sex-Guilt Scale | Sex-guilt related to sexuality; may influence on the consecution of orgasms. The Brief Mosher Sex-Guilt Scale has minimum-maximum values of 10-60; higher scores mean a worse outcome (higher scores indicate higher levels of guilt). | From baseline to the end of the treatment at 12 weeks + 1 month-follow-up and 3 month-follow-up |
| Sexual anxiety by the Sexual Anxiety scale of the Expanded Sexual Arousability Inventory | Sexual anxiety related to sexualiaty; may influence on the consecution of orgasms. TheSexual Anxiety scale of the Expanded Sexual Arousability Inventory has minimum-maximum values of 0-168; higher scores mean a worse outcome (higher scores indicate higher levels of sexual anxiety). | From baseline to the end of the treatment at 12 weeks + 1 month-follow-up and 3 month-follow-up |