This study aims to evaluate the use of virtual reality as an adjunct to standard care for patients with sickle cell disease experiencing vaso-occlusive crises.

A prospective, non-blinded, non-randomized trial will be conducted at the Adult Emergency Department at the University of Maryland Medical Center and Adult Urgent Care Center, which is managed by the Department of Emergency Medicine, located in Baltimore, Maryland.

Patients meeting eligibility criteria and who have signed the research informed consent will be enrolled in this study. Subject data collected will include demographic information, symptoms of the current illness and physical exam findings.

Upon enrollment into the study, a study team member will interview the patient to collect data needed to complete the Case Report Form. Patients assigned to one of the two virtual reality study groups will be directed by research coordinators who can help with equipment as needed throughout the session. The virtual reality device will be limited to a maximum of 2 hours of use. Assessments will be made at 4 different timepoints: 1) Immediately before the intervention, 2) at the 1-hour mark of the intervention, 3) immediately after the intervention, and 4) 1 hour after the intervention. During these assessments, patients will rate their pain intensity using a 0-10 numerical scale. Additionally, at each assessment, patients will be asked to state the change in pain that has taken place since the last measurement. This measurement will be performed without informing the patient of their previously recorded pain scores.

Data will also be recorded regarding the patient's 1) comfort of the device, 2) disposition (discharged home vs observation/admission status), 3) total length of treatment time in the ED (measured as time to initiation of any treatment to the time of final disposition), and 4) total amount of opioids administered while under the care of the emergency department clinicians, converted into morphine milligram equivalents. Each patient will complete a questionnaire at the conclusion of the session regarding their perceived impact of the intervention, ease of use, and likelihood to reuse the intervention.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adult (age > 18 years) emergency department patient
• History of sickle cell disease
• Presenting to the emergency department due to acute pain related to sickle cell disease thought to be due to vaso-occlusive crisis

Exclusion Criteria:

• Prior enrollment in this study
• Presenting with a chief complaint suggestive of a complicated crisis (such as concern for acute chest syndrome, splenic sequestration, hepatic sequestration, pulmonary embolism) as determined by the clinical care provider
• Not being treated with intravenous opioids for the vaso-occlusive crisis
• Patients who lack the capacity to provide informed consent
• Medical history of seizures or known intolerance to virtual reality
• Disabilities like vision and hearing defects etc. that preclude the use of a head mounted virtual reality device.
• Known to be pregnant
• Incarcerated at the time of evaluation
• Over the age of 89 years old

We do not plan on sharing any individual participant data with other researchers

Once the participant has been enrolled in the study, they will be randomized to either the control arm or one of the experimental arms. No masking is being performed. Once randomization has occurred, participants, care providers, and the investigators will know which group the participants are in.