Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Stanford University | OTHER |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The goal of this experiment is to examine the effects of three different types of front-of-package warning labels for sugar-sweetened beverages on perceived weight stigmatization, as well as the effect of making such labels more weight-neutral. The main questions this experiment aims to answer are:
Additionally, this experiment also aims to answer the following questions:
Participants will be randomly assigned to see one of four types of labels: control labels, nutrient warning labels, text-only health warning labels, or graphic health warning labels. Participants will then see an image depicting different types of fictional sugar-sweetened beverages carrying the label type that they were assigned to. Participants will see this image twice, in random order, each time differing in whether the label is weight-neutral or not (i.e., whether the label references calories/obesity or not). Each time, participants will answer survey questions about the label. Last, participants will answer survey questions measuring their weight bias and potential mediating variables.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control labels | Sham Comparator | Individuals in this trial arm will see neutral control labels on sugar-sweetened beverages. |
|
| Nutrient warning labels | Experimental | Individuals in this trial arm will see nutrient warning labels on sugar-sweetened beverages. |
|
| Text-only health warning labels | Experimental | Individuals in this trial arm will see text-only health warning labels on sugar-sweetened beverages. |
|
| Graphic warning labels | Experimental | Individuals in this trial arm will see graphic health warning labels on sugar-sweetened beverages. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrient warning labels | Behavioral | In random order, participants in this arm will see an image of fictional sugar-sweetened beverages carrying:
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived weight stigmatization, mean score | Stigmatization of people with obesity will be measured by survey through a three-item scale. Items will inquire about how much participants perceive the label to (1) stigmatize people with obesity, (2) promote negative stereotypes about people with obesity, and (3) portray people with obesity in a disrespectful manner. Response options will be on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a higher perceived weight stigmatization by the study labels. Each participant's responses to each item will be combined to obtain their final score on the outcome. | Immediately after exposure to intervention (i.e., study stimuli), assessed during one-time online study survey. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived message effectiveness, mean score | How much the labels discourage participants from wanting to consume the products will be measured by survey. Response options will be on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a higher perceived message effectiveness. | Immediately after exposure to intervention (i.e., study stimuli), assessed during one-time online study survey. |
Not provided
Inclusion criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
-Involved in any pre-testing.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Aline D'Angelo Campos, MPP | University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | Chapel Hill | North Carolina | 27516 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37703015 | Background | Grummon AH, Gibson LA, Musicus AA, Stephens-Shields AJ, Hua SV, Roberto CA. Effects of 4 Interpretive Front-of-Package Labeling Systems on Hypothetical Beverage and Snack Selections: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Sep 5;6(9):e2333515. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.33515. | |
| 31452918 | Background |
Not provided
Not provided
A deidentified dataset and analytic code will be uploaded to a public repository upon publication of the study.
Upon publication of the study.
No access criteria. The dataset and analytic code will be made publicly available at Open Science Framework.
Not provided
Not provided
| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Nov 30, 2023 | Jan 16, 2024 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000079322 | Weight Prejudice |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011287 | Prejudice |
| D012919 | Social Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
Not provided
Not provided
Between-subjects intervention: label type (4 arms); Within-subjects intervention: regular or weight-neutral version of label (2 versions).
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Text-only health warning labels | Behavioral | In random order, participants in this arm will see an image of fictional sugar-sweetened beverages carrying:
|
|
| Graphic health warning labels | Behavioral | In random order, participants in this arm will see an image of fictional sugar-sweetened beverages carrying:
|
|
| Control labels | Behavioral | In random order, participants in this arm will see an image of fictional sugar-sweetened beverages carrying:
|
|
| Weight bias, mean score | Weight bias will be measured by survey through a seven-item scale. Items will present participants with adjective pairs and ask that they select the box closest to the adjective that they feel best describe their feelings and beliefs about people with obesity: (1) lazy-industrious, (2) no will power - has will power, (3) good self-control - poor self-control, (4) active - inactive, (5) self-indulgent - self-sacrificing, (6) dislikes food - likes food, (7) undereats - overeats. Response options will be 5 boxes between adjectives, which will be coded on a 1 to 5 scale so that higher scores represent higher weight bias. Each participant's responses to each item will be combined to obtain their final score on the outcome. | Immediately after exposure to intervention (i.e., study stimuli), assessed during one-time online study survey. |
| Hayward LE, Vartanian LR. Potential unintended consequences of graphic warning labels on sugary drinks: do they promote obesity stigma? Obes Sci Pract. 2019 Aug 2;5(4):333-341. doi: 10.1002/osp4.353. eCollection 2019 Aug. |
| 40540266 | Derived | D'Angelo Campos A, Grummon AH, Ng SW, Puhl RM, Golden SD, Hall MG. Front-of-Package Food Labels and Perceived Weight Stigmatization: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Jun 2;8(6):e2516821. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.16821. |