Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Relatives of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) often experience emotional burden with stress, and depressive symptoms that again increases the likelihood of destabilization and relapses in the patient. The effects of group-based psychoeducation have not been investigated in large-scale real-world settings. The investigators are currently conducting a large-scale real-world randomized controlled parallel group trial (RCT) to test whether group-based psychoeducation for relatives to patients with BD improves mood instability and other critical outcomes in relatives and the corresponding patients with BD.
The trial is designed as a two-arm, parallel group randomized trial with a balanced randomization 1:1 to either group-based psychoeducation or a waiting list for approximately 4 months and subsequent group-based psychoeducation. the investigators plan to include 200 relatives. The group sizes for psychoeducation is between 20-40 relatives.The primary outcome measure is mood instability calculated based on daily smartphone-based mood self-assessment. Other relevant outcomes are measured, including patients' reported outcomes, assessing self-assessed burden, self-efficacy, and knowledge about BD.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Psychoeducation | Active Comparator | Participants randomized to this arm are offered group-based psychoeducation shortly thereafter. |
|
| Waiting list | Placebo Comparator | Participants randomized to this arm are placed on a waiting list for approximately 4 months and then offered group-based psychoeducation thereafter. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| psychoeducation in groups | Other | Group-based psychoeducation for relatives. Group size: 20-40 relatives. Duration of intervention: six sessions, each two hours long with a 15 minutes break, over a period of 6-10 weeks. The sessions are held by experienced clinicians from the Copenhagen Affective Disorder Clinic, one chief physician and one nurse. Each session focuses on a specific topic, which the clinicians present and discuss using a presentation viewer. The sessions are interactive, and the participants are encouraged to ask questions during the presentations. During each session the participants will have some discussions in smaller groups to reflect on a topics and issues raised during the session. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in mood instability in the relatives | Mood instability is calculated from daily self-reported mood registration in the app Monsenso. Participating relatives score their daily mood on a 9-point scale from 0-8 where 8 is 'in a brilliant mood' and 0 is 'really sad' The participant rate daily in the Monsenso app during the time the participate in the study (4-8 months depending on which group they are randomly allocated to). For each participant, a mood instability measure will be estimated for each day and aggregated by applying the root mean square successive difference (rMSSD) method. | daily in 4-8 months. |
| Change in mood instability in the corresponding patients | Mood instability is calculated from daily self-reported mood registration via the app Monsenso. The patients score their daily mood on a scale from -3 to +3, where -3 is the worst and +3 is the best mood. Patients' data from the Monsenso app is collected from a parallel RCT, in the time frame in which the relatives are in the study. | daily in 4-8 months. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Self-reported daily registrations in the Monsenso app on the following topics: daily activity level, sleep, mixed moods, anxiety, irritability, cognition, stress, alchohol consumption, patient support and level of burden from being a caregiver, | Each topic is covered by a single, simple question in the Monsenso app:
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in automatically smarthone-generated data | Automatically smartphone-generated data on physical - and social activity is generated in the Monsenso app using the phone's sensor-data. physical activity: location and physical activity (step count and movement) social activity: battery level, light level and screen mode. These automatically generated data has been shown to be informative in prior study: Faurholt-Jepsen M, Frost M, Vinberg M, Christensen EM, Bardram JE, Kessing LV. Smartphone data as objective measures of bipolar disorder symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 30. juni 2014;217(1-2):124-7. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Lars V Kessing, professor | Copenhagen Psychiatric Center | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Copenhagen Affective Disorder Clinic | Copenhagen | 2000 | Denmark |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40890647 | Derived | Stokholm JR, Waldemar AK, Kessing LV. Becoming diplomats with boundaries - a thematic analysis of relatives' experiences with group-based psychoeducation about bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2025 Sep 1;25(1):843. doi: 10.1186/s12888-025-07219-y. | |
| 38783322 | Derived | Stokholm JR, Vinberg M, Faurholt-Jepsen M, Kessing LV. Study protocol: group-based psychoeducation for relatives of patients with bipolar disorder-a large scale real-world randomized controlled parallel group trial, the R-bipolar RCT. Trials. 2024 May 23;25(1):342. doi: 10.1186/s13063-024-08172-z. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001714 | Bipolar Disorder |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000068105 | Bipolar and Related Disorders |
| D019964 | Mood Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044382 | Population Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003710 | Demography |
| D011154 | Population Characteristics |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
|
| daily 4-8 months. |
| Self-rated caregiver burden | Burden Assessment Scale 19 questions covering subjects as economic and practical burden, stigma, worries, conflicts etc, participants answer on a scale from [1: not at all] to [4: to a high degree] or [not relevant] Reinhard SC, Gubman GD, Horwitz AV, Minsky S. Burden assessment scale for families of the seriously mentally ill. Eval Program Plann. 1. juli 1994;17(3):261-9. | at inclusion, at follow-up around 4 months, and if in control group at around 7-8 months |
| Self-rated expressed emotions | Perceived Criticism Measure The questionnaire consists of four questions covering criticism in a relationship, answered on a scale from 0 to 10, where 10 is the highest and most negative. Hooley JM, Parker HA. Measuring expressed emotion: An evaluation of the shortcuts. J Fam Psychol. september 2006;20(3):386-96. | at inclusion, at follow-up around 4 months, and if in control group at around 7-8 months |
| Self-rated quality of life | Carer Quality of Life 7 multiple-answer questions and one Visual Analog Scale to evaluate quality of life in the light of being an informal caregiver. Brouwer WBF, van Exel NJA, van Gorp B, Redekop WK. The CarerQol instrument: A new instrument to measure care-related quality of life of informal caregivers for use in economic evaluations. Qual Life Res. 1. august 2006;15(6):1005-21. Hoefman RJ, van Exel NJA, Looren de Jong S, Redekop WK, Brouwer WBF. A new test of the construct validity of the CarerQol instrument: measuring the impact of informal care giving. Qual Life Res. 2011;20(6):875-87. | at inclusion, at follow-up around 4 months, and if in control group at around 7-8 months |
| Self-rated carer self-efficacy | Carer-Self-Efficacy 12 questions about self-efficacy as a caregiver for a person with Bipolar disorder. The questionnaire was originally developed for persons with bipolar disorder (Smith) and later Hubbard et al made a version for caregivers. Smith LM, Erceg-Hurn DM, McEvoy PM, Lim L. Self-efficacy in bipolar disorder: Development and validation of a self-report scale. J Affect Disord. 1. februar 2020;262:108-17. Hubbard AA, McEvoy PM, Smith L, Kane RT. Brief group psychoeducation for caregivers of individuals with bipolar disorder: A randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord. august 2016;200:31-6. | at inclusion, at follow-up around 4 months, and if in control group at around 7-8 months |
| Knowledge about bipolar | 25 questions testing the factual knowledge about bipolar disorder. "The Bipolar disorders knowledge scale", Trevor A. Stump and Marty L. Eng. Journal of Affective disorders, 2018-10-01, Volume 238, Pages 645-650. | at inclusion, at follow-up around 4 months, and if in control group at around 7-8 months |
| Self-rated health related quality of life | Short Form-12 (54,55) 12 questions on health-related quality of life. Christensen LN, Ehlers L, Larsen FB, Jensen MB. Validation of the 12 Item Short form Health Survey in a Sample from Region Central Jutland. Soc Indic Res. 1. november 2013;114(2):513-21. Amir M, Lewin-Epstein N, Becker G, Buskila D. Psychometric properties of the SF-12 (Hebrew version) in a primary care population in Israel. Med Care. oktober 2002;40(10):918-28. | at inclusion, at follow-up around 4 months, and if in control group at around 7-8 months |
| Self-rated mental health | The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI: Derogatis, 1992), a 53-item self-report inventory of psychopathology and psychological distress, the BSI psychometric profile produces the same nine primary symptom dimensions produced by the SCL-90-R. Derogatis LR, Melisaratos N. The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report. Psychol Med. august 1983;13(3):595-605. | at inclusion, at follow-up around 4 months, and if in control group at around 7-8 months |
| Self-rated stress | Perceived Stress Scale 10 questions covering stress symptoms in the last month. Cohen S. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. I: The social psychology of health. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc; 1988. s. 31-67. (The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology). | at inclusion, at follow-up around 4 months, and if in control group at around 7-8 months |
| Self-rated bipolar symptoms | Mood Disorder Questionnaire Hirschfeld RMA, Williams JBW, Spitzer RL, Calabrese JR, Flynn L, Keck PE, m.fl. Development and Validation of a Screening Instrument for Bipolar Spectrum Disorder: The Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Am J Psychiatry. november 2000;157(11):1873-5. | at inclusion, at follow-up around 4 months, and if in control group at around 7-8 months |
| Self-rated depressive symptoms | Major Depression Inventory Bech P, Timmerby N, Martiny K, Lunde M, Soendergaard S. Psychometric evaluation of the Major Depression Inventory (MDI) as depression severity scale using the LEAD (Longitudinal Expert Assessment of All Data) as index of validity. BMC Psychiatry. 5. august 2015;15:190. Bech P, Wermuth L. Applicability and validity of the Major Depression Inventory in patients with Parkinson's disease. Nord J Psychiatry. (52):305-10. | at inclusion, at follow-up around 4 months, and if in control group at around 7-8 months |
| Self-rated Childhood trauma | Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Foote J, Lovejoy M, Wenzel K, m.fl. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry. august 1994;151(8):1132-6. | Only at inclusion |
| Clinically observer rated Depressive symptoms | Depressive symptoms assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-6 items (min. value = 0; max. value = 22, with higher values reflecting more depressive symptoms) Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. februar 1960;23(1):56-62. | At inclusion, at 3-4 months and for the control-group also at 7-8 months. |
| Clinically observer rated Manic symptoms | Manic symptoms assessed by the Young Mania Rating Scale (min. value = 0; max. value = 60, with higher values reflecting more manic symptoms) Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. november 1978;133:429-35. | at inclusion, at follow-up around 4 months, and if in control group at around 7-8 months |
| Clinically observer rated General functioning | General functioning assessed by the Functional Assessment Short Test, a 24-item interviewer-administered interview concerning autonomy, occupational functioning, cognitive functioning, financial issues, interpersonal relationships and leisure time (min. value = 0; max. value = 72, with higher values reflecting poorer function) Rosa AR, Sánchez-Moreno J, Martínez-Aran A, Salamero M, Torrent C, Reinares M, m.fl. Validity and reliability of the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) in bipolar disorder. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health CP EMH. 7. juni 2007;3:5. | at inclusion, at follow-up around 4 months, and if in control group at around 7-8 months |
| 4-8 months |