Single study group that requires extraction of mandibular incisors for other reasons. Teeth are accessed, subject to filing, pulp extirpation, and treated with endodontic solutions. Some teeth of the participants are then subject to study intervention consisting of an ICG solution into the root followed by laser exposure of the solution in situ. After laser exposure, the pulp chamber and roots are rinsed then mechanically extracted. Other teeth of some participants will not be subject to the ICG and laser intervention, but will proceed to the final rinse and extraction. After extraction, specimens are fixed, stained, and mounted for visual examination under a microscope. Images of tissue are captured for documentation. Samples are examined for histological and morphological condition of the periodontal ligament, cementum, and collagen attached to the external surface of the extracted tooth root.

Intervention consists of addition of a combined laser absorption solution and infrared diode laser. The solution is introduced into the prepared pulp chamber and root canals, allowed to dwell for 1 minute, followed by exposure to the laser energy delivered via a fiber optic introduced into the root canal, and while activating the laser at 2.5 watts of optical output with a pulse duration of 100 msec and a pulse gap of 300 msec, the solution and residual structures in the root and pulp chamber are exposure over the course of 30 seconds, moving and relocating the fiber tip throughout the canals and chamber during that time. The laser is halted and a wait time of 30 seconds is applied. The laser fiber is then reintroduced and another 30 second exposure, repeating the same settings and technique.

Count the number of inflammatory cells within a cross-sectional area viewed under 400X magnification, comparing the difference in the quantity of inflamed cells reacting to injury to the tissues resulting from the investigational treatment, as compared a count of inflamed cells reacting to the control treatment.

Measurement of the gap between the edge of the inflamed tissue and the root surface, measured in microns using computer software to measure the gap of magnified tissue samples, comparing samples from teeth treated with the intervention compared to teeth receiving the control treatment.

Measurement of the thickness of the periodontal ligament, measured in microns using computer software to measure the thickness of periodontal ligament within the magnified tissue samples, comparing samples from teeth treated with the intervention compared to teeth receiving the control treatment.

Measurement of the gap between the edge of the tooth cementum and the adjacent alveolar bone, measured in microns using computer software to measure the gap of magnified tissue samples, comparing samples from teeth treated with the intervention compared to teeth receiving the control treatment.

Single study group that requires extraction of mandibular incisors for other reasons. Teeth will be accessed, subject to mechanical file, pulp extirpation, and treated with endodontic solutions. Teeth will then be exposed to the ICG solution followed by laser exposure of the ICG solution in situ. After laser exposure, the pulp chamber and roots will be rinsed and then the tooth mechanically extracted. After extraction, tissue specimens will be prepared of the root portion of the extracted tooth, fixed, stained, and mounted for visual examination under a microscope. Images of the microscopic images will be captured for documentation. The samples will be examined for the histological and morphological condition of the periodontal ligament, cementum, and collagen attached to the external surface of the extracted tooth root. These tissue types were graded based on the extent of damage or destruction observed.

Laser and ICG solution.: Intervention consists of addition of laser absorption solution and infrared diode laser. The solution is introduced into pulp chamber and root canals, dwells for 1 minute, followed by exposure to the laser delivered via optical fiber introduced into the root canal, activating the laser at 2.5W optical output, pulse duration of 100msec and pulse gap of 300msec, with laser emissions totaling 30s, moving and relocating the fiber during the exposure. The laser is halted, a 30s wait, then solution and laser is repeated.

Count the number of inflammatory cells within a cross-sectional area viewed under 400X magnification, comparing the difference in the quantity of inflamed cells reacting to injury to the tissues resulting from the investigational treatment, as compared a count of inflamed cells reacting to the control treatment.

Mandibular incisor teeth

Single study group that requires extraction of mandibular incisors for other reasons. Teeth will be accessed, subject to mechanical file, pulp extirpation, and treated with endodontic solutions. Teeth will then be exposed to the ICG solution followed by laser exposure of the ICG solution in situ. After laser exposure, the pulp chamber and roots will be rinsed and then the tooth mechanically extracted. After extraction, tissue specimens will be prepared of the root portion of the extracted tooth, fixed, stained, and mounted for visual examination under a microscope. Images of the microscopic images will be captured for documentation. The samples will be examined for the histological and morphological condition of the periodontal ligament, cementum, and collagen attached to the external surface of the extracted tooth root. These tissue types were graded based on the extent of damage or destruction observed.

Laser and ICG solution.: Intervention consists of addition of laser absorption solution and infrared diode laser. The solution is introduced into pulp chamber and root canals, dwells for 1 minute, followed by exposure to the laser delivered via optical fiber introduced into the root canal, activating the laser at 2.5W optical output, pulse duration of 100msec and pulse gap of 300msec, with laser emissions totaling 30s, moving and relocating the fiber during the exposure. The laser is halted, a 30s wait, then solution and laser is repeated.