"Retrospectively collecting clinical data from post-PVA (Percutaneous Vertebroplasty) patients, recording incidences of secondary vertebral fractures, and conducting statistical analysis to create a risk prediction model for recurrent fractures."

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Meets the diagnostic criteria for primary osteoporosis as per the Osteoporosis Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines (2022);
2. No history of high-energy trauma;
3. Patient complains of pain in the lumbar region, confirmed by MRI showing a newly developed vertebral fracture from T5 to L5 (i.e., MRI shows low signal on T1 and high or slightly high signal on T2);
4. Has undergone Percutaneous Vertebroplasty (PVA) treatment.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Incomplete imaging or medical record data;
2. History of spinal surgeries other than PVA;
3. Pre-existing symptoms of spinal cord compression or nerve root injury;
4. Patients undergoing PVA treatment due to conditions such as tumors, vascular malformations, infections, or symptomatic Schmorl's nodes;
5. Chronic conditions like Kummell's disease or non-union of old fractures;
6. Concurrent vertebral burst fractures;
7. Diagnosis of central nervous system diseases such as dementia or stroke before or during the follow-up period post-PVA procedure;
8. History of violent trauma after PVA procedure.

Older population with osteoporosis, who have undergone vertebral augmentation procedures due to osteoporotic vertebral fractures.