Surgeons will label surgical videos of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy with bleeding information from multicenter. The labeled surgical video will be used as training material to train the algorithmic model so as to build an artificial intelligence algorithm that can automatically identify intraoperative bleeding in this surgery. Then, we will test the performance capability of the algorithm.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. surgical videos that recorded complete laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy including resection and reconstruction phases.

Exclusion Criteria:

1.surgical videos that recorded laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy combined with resection and reconstruction of mesentericoportal vein.

Patients underwent laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy for benign and malignant diseases. Besides, the surgical videos had been recorded.