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This study aims to obtain normative values for tongue motor functions in healthy children.
Since the tongue is a complex structure consisting of a continuous array of muscle fibers with varying orientation, tongue motor functions (strength, endurance) are likely to differ according to a protrusion (pulling out the tongue), elevation (lifting the tongue to the roof of the mouth) or swallowing movement.
There are currently no normative data for the motor functions of the tongue in children. After their parents fulfilled the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire, each included children will undergo an anthropometric and a tongue motor functions assessment.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy children | Healthy children between the ages of 4 to 17 will undergo tongue motor functions assessment and their parents will fulfill the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep quality assessment | Other | The following item will be assessed in all subjects (n=420): 1. Sleep, through the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Tongue peak pressure during elevation and protrusion movements | Tongue peak pressure during elevation and protrusion movements will be measured via the IOPI (Iowa Oral Performance Instrument) device | At baseline |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Tongue mobility restriction | Assessed through the ratio between maximal mouth opening and maximal mouth opening with tongue to palate, measured with the Quick Tongue-Tie Assessment tool | At baseline |
| Orofacial praxis |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Healthy children between the ages of 4 to 17
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| William Poncin, PT, PhD, Prof | Contact | +32470592032 | william.poncin@uclouvain.be | |
| Pierre Cnockaert, PT, MSc | Contact | +32478136109 | cnockaert.kine@gmail.com |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| William Poncin, PT, PhD, Prof | Université Catholique de Louvain | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc | Recruiting | Woluwe-Saint-Lambert | 1200 | Belgium |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41827090 | Derived | Cnockaert P, Fondeur A, Gabillet E, Poncin W. Intra- and Inter-Rater Reliability of Tongue Physical Function Assessments in Children. J Oral Rehabil. 2026 Jul;53(7):1327-1336. doi: 10.1111/joor.70177. Epub 2026 Mar 13. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000886 | Anthropometry |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010808 | Physical Examination |
| D019937 | Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures |
| D003933 | Diagnosis |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
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| Anthropometry | Other | The following items will be assessed in all subjects (n=420): 2. Anthropometric data : 2.1 Height; 2.2 Weight; 2.3 Maximal mouth opening; 2.4 Maximal mouth opening with tongue to palate (with the Quick Tongue-Tie assessment tool) |
|
| Tongue strength assessment | Other | The following items will be assessed in all subjects (n=420): 3. Tongue pressure (in kPa) exerted against the IOPI (Iowa Oral Performance Instrument) bulb while swallowing. 4. Tongue peak pressure (i.e., the maximal pressure - Pmax - exerted against the IOPI bulb) during 3 sec. of tongue elevation. 5. Tongue peak pressure during 3 sec. of tongue protrusion. |
|
| Tongue endurance assessment | Other | The following items will be assessed in all subjects (n=420): 6. The tongue endurance (i.e., the time to task failure in maintaining a pressure equal to 50%Pmax against the IOPI bulb) during tongue elevation. 7. The tongue endurance during tongue protrusion. |
|
| Orofacial praxis assessment | Other | - The following item will be assessed in a subset of subjects (n=31): 8. Orofacial praxis through the Motricité Bucco-Linguo-Faciale (MBLF) test. |
|
In a subset of subjects (n=31), orofacial praxis will be assessed through the Motricité Bucco-Linguo-Faciale (MBLF) test
| At baseline |
| Tongue endurance during elevation and protrusion movements | Tongue endurance during elevation and protrusion movements will be measured via the IOPI device and a timer | At baseline |
| Tongue pressure during swallowing | Tongue pressure during swallowing will be measured via the IOPI device | At baseline |
| D001699 | Biometry |
| D015991 | Epidemiologic Measurements |
| D011634 | Public Health |
| D004778 | Environment and Public Health |