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The aim of this study is to develop, evaluate and implement an intergenerational physical activity program for grandchildren and their grandparents using co-creation focusing on the promotion of (co-)physical activity as a primary outcome and cognitive functioning, psychosocial well-being, the family relationship, expectations regarding aging and motor competence in grandparents and grandchildren as secondary outcomes.
In recent years, increased attention has been devoted to intergenerational physical activity (PA) programs because they may have several benefits for children and older adults (e.g., learning skills from each other, reduction of ageism). An intergenerational PA program focusing on grandchildren and -parents in a 'standard' family setting and the combination of PA and cognitive functions is innovative and may hold potential to promote PA and improve cognitive functions in both grandchildren and their grandparents. The aim of this study is to describe the protocol of the GRANDPACT (GRANDparents and GRANDchildren improve their Physical Activity and Cognitive functions using co-creaTion) project, focusing on the development of an intergenerational PA program for grandchildren and -parents using the theoretical framework "Behaviour Change Wheel" in combination with a co-creation approach. One co-creation trajectory will be organized to develop the program, followed by an efficacy trial to refine and evaluate the program with measurements pre (at baseline), post (after 24 weeks) and follow-up (after 36 weeks) to measure the outcomes of (co-)PA, cognitive functions, psychosocial well-being, the quality of the family relationship, expectations regarding aging and motor competence in grandchildren and -parents. The outcomes will be measured using accelerometery for PA, Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) testing for cognitive functions and questionnaires for psychosocial well-being, quality of the family relationship and expectations regarding aging. Motor competence will be tested with different field tests in grandparents and grandchildren. Co-development with end-users and stakeholders during the co-creation trajectory is expected to result in an effective, attractive and feasible program. Co-PA is expected to improve PA, cognitive functions, psychosocial well-being, quality of the family relationship, motor competence and motivation to be physically active in grandchildren and -parents. Both will also have better expectations regarding aging.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intergenerational movement program | Experimental | This group will receive the intergenerational physical activity program. There are 4 components, which consist of an educational session for grandparents and parents (1), group-based movement sessions for grandparents and grandchildren once a week during 8 weeks (2), home-based physical activities for both grandparents and grandchildren (3) and community-based activities for both grandparents and grandchildren (4). |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GRANDPACT Project | Behavioral | To investigate whether grandparents and grandchildren are more co-physically active, have a better cognitive and physical function, psychosocial well-being, quality of the family relationship due to the intervention, we compare the intervention phase (B) with a pre phase (A), a in between period (A) and another intervention period (B) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in co-PA in grandchildren and grandparents | The primary outcome of the intervention is co-PA. To objectively measure co-PA, participants will be asked to wear an accelerometer (Axivity AX3) during three consecutive months. The purpose of wearing an accelerometer is to investigate whether grandchildren and their grandparents are more (co-)physically active when the intervention is adopted | 3 months (A: 2 weeks, B: 6 weeks, A: 2 weeks, B: 2 weeks) |
| Change in intensity of PA in grandchildren and grandparents | In addition to the primary outcome of the intervention, which is co-PA, we would like to measure the intensity of PA during each movement session with an accelerometer (Axivity AX3) | 3 months (A: 2 weeks, B: 6 weeks, A: 2 weeks, B: 2 weeks) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in general well-being in children | PedsQL 8-12 General Well-Being Scale Parent report | During 3 months, every 2 weeks |
| Change in quality of the family relationship in children | Interview with parents before, during and after the intervention period |
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Inclusion Criteria for children:
Inclusion Criteria for grandparents:
Exclusion Criteria grandparents:
- Having medical health problems (epilepsy) that can cause a risk when participating in the intervention
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Cardon | University Ghent | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ghent University | Ghent | 9000 | Belgium |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40849104 | Derived | Iliano E, Cardon G, Latomme J. A Cocreated Intergenerational Intervention to Promote Co-Physical Activity in Grandparents and Their Grandchildren: "Ages Get Active"-Development, Insights, and Future Directions. J Aging Phys Act. 2025 Aug 23;34(2):132-156. doi: 10.1123/japa.2024-0257. Print 2026 Apr 1. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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We will work with a single-case design (ABAB), where all participants will receive the intervention
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| 3 months, pre, between, post intervention |
| Change in general well-being in grandparents | Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWS) - 14 items - 5-point likert scale (never, seldom, sometimes, often, always), with higher scores resulting in a higher wellbeing. | During 3 months, every 2 weeks |
| Change in quality of the family relationship in grandparents | Interview with grandparents pre, during and after the intervention | 3 months, pre, between, post intervention |
| Change in cognitive functioning in grandchildren | Parents will fill in the short forms of the PROMIS cognitive functioning. Grandchildren: 7-items on a 5-point likert scale (never, seldom, sometimes, often, always), with higher scores resulting in a better cognitive functioning | During 3 months, every 2 weeks |
| Change in cognitive functioning in grandparents | Grandparents will fill in the short forms of the PROMIS cognitive functioning. Grandparents: 8-items on a 5-point likert scale (never, seldom, sometimes, often, always), with higher scores resulting in a better cognitive functioning | During 3 months, every 2 weeks |
| Change in physical functioning in grandparents | Grandparents will fill in the short forms of the PROMIS physical functioning. Grandparents: 10-items on a 5-point likert scale (Without any effort, With a little effort, With some effort, With a lot of effort, Unable to do), with higher scores resulting in a better physical functioning | During 3 months, every 2 weeks |
| Change in physical functioning in grandchildren | Parents will fill in the short forms of the PROMIS physical functioning. Grandchildren: 7-items on a 5-point likert scale (Without any effort, With a little effort, With some effort, With a lot of effort, Unable to do), with higher scores resulting in a better physical functioning | During 3 months, every 2 weeks |
| Increasing WHO themes in grandparents | We ask grandparents if they did exercises focusing on condition, coordination, strength, balance and flexibility | During 3 months, every 2 weeks |