we evaluated all related clinical and pathologic data of rectal NET cases, including the resection margin status, NET grading, and lymphovascular invasion status. Finally, the present study was aimed at (1) determining the risk factors for LN and distant metastases in colorectal NETs (2) clarifying the clinical significance of the salvage treatment for colorectal neuroendocrine tumors following initial endoscopic resection with positive resection margin status and (3) compare different salvage treatment of this uncommon disease through conducting a large, multi-center cohort study.

Inclusion Criteria:

• within the age range of 18 to 65 years, diagnosed with rectal neuroendocrine tumors. Furthermore, patients were required to have a palpable tumor as determined by digital rectal examination or accessible through proctoscopy, with the distal border situated within 12 cm from the anal verge.

Exclusion Criteria:

• (1) muscularis propria invasion or NET grading = 3, (2)regional LN or distant organs metastasis at the time of diagnosis, (3) incomplete follow-up information, (4) the patient had multiple primary tumors, (5) patients with surgical excision or inappropriate methods such as forceps removal, and (6) the patient had a history of malignant tumors.

patients with rectal neuroendocrine tumors following initial endoscopic resection

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