An estimated 43% of children under age 5 in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) experience compromised development due to poverty, poor nutrition, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. Numerous early childhood development (ECD) parenting interventions have been shown to be effective at improving ECD outcomes, at least in the short-term, but they are a) still too expensive to implement at scale in low-resource and rural settings, and b) their early impacts tend to fade over time in the absence of continued support. New ways to deliver effective ECD parenting interventions are sorely needed that are both low-cost to be potentially scalable, while also able to sustain impacts long-term.

The rapid growth and low cost of mobile communications in LMIC settings presents a potentially promising solution to the competing problems of scalability and sustainability. Yet there is no rigorous research on mobile-health (mHealth) interventions for ECD outcomes in LMIC settings. Study investigators recently showed that an 8-month ECD parenting intervention featuring fortnightly group meetings delivered by Community Health Workers (CHWs) from Kenya's rural health care system significantly improved child cognitive, language, and socioemotional development as well as parenting practices, and a group-based delivery model was more cost-effective than previous ECD interventions. Yet it is still too expensive for scaling in a rural LMIC setting such as rural Kenya, particularly if interventions are needed that can be extended for longer periods of time to increase their ability to sustain impacts. This study will experimentally test a traditional in-person group-based delivery model for an ECD parenting intervention against an mHealth-based delivery model that partially substitutes remote delivery for in-person group meetings. The relative effectiveness and costs of this hybrid-delivery model will be assessed against a purely in-person group model, and the interventions will extend over two years to increase their ability to sustain changes in child outcomes longer-term. The evaluation design is a clustered Randomized Control Trial across 90 CHWs and their associated villages and 1200 households. The central hypothesis is that a hybrid ECD intervention will be lower cost, but remote delivery may be an inferior substitute for in-person visits, leaving open the question of the most cost-effective program.

Inclusion Criteria:

• mothers or other primary caretakers aged 18 years or older
• able to read English or Swahili at a level sufficient to understand the SMS messages
• with a child aged 6-18 months at recruitment without signs of severe mental or physical impairments (youngest child if more than one eligible for a given mother)

Exclusion Criteria:

• mothers/households without children
• households with children that are outside the age range of 6-18 months at baseline
• mothers who lack basic literacy so as not to understand SMS messages

The final dataset will be stripped of identifiers prior to release for sharing. In no way will there be the possibility of deductive disclosure of subjects. We will make the data without identifiers publicly available in accordance with NIH policy by posting it in de-identified form to the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) data bank. More information on their data confidentiality practices can be found at: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/pages/datamanagement/confidentiality/index.html.