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This project aims to test the effectiveness of an integrated intervention of brief cessation advice (AWARD), Nicotine Replacement Therapy, and Instant Messaging support compared with waitlist control participants among adult daily smokers who lived with their children and non-smoking partners.
Background: Around 40% of children worldwide were exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS). Despite reaching a single-digit smoking prevalence of 9.5% in 2022, about one in three children in Hong Kong (36.2%) are still exposed to SHS, mostly at home. Especially children from deprived households, suffer from a higher risk of more pervasive SHS exposure. Aim: The project aims to apply evidence-based interventions to increase smoking cessation and reduce SHS exposure in children of disadvantaged families. The specific objectives of the study are (1) to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel, family-based intervention model in increasing smoking cessation and reducing SHS exposure in children of disadvantaged families, (2) to alert parents in recognizing their child's exposure level and take actions in protecting their child from exposure, (3) to advocate for the adoption of this resource-efficient intervention model in Non-Governmental Organizations(NGOs), District Health Centre Express(DHC/Es), and other smoking cessation service providers in Hong Kong.
Methods: A family-based smoking cessation that collect comprehensive biochemical and environmental data of SHS exposure, and apply evidence-based interventions to prevent the SHS exposure and support quitting in deprived households. Two domains of outcome will be assessed: (1) Effectiveness and overall impact of smoking cessation intervention. (2) Cost-effectiveness analysis and qualitative interviews to estimate the scalability and mechanisms of interventions.
Procedure: Participants will be actively recruited through different channels including direct referral from Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) with social housing schemes, referral and recruitment from District Health Centre (DHC), community-based recruitment activities in smoking hotspots, and online advertisement on search engines and social media sites. The eligibility of smokers and non-smokers will be assessed by counselors and invited to join the randomized controlled trial and allocated to one of the groups of the smoking cessation intervention. 6 follow ups at 1 week, 1,2,3,6,12 months will be conducted to both smokers and non-smokers to reveal their SHS exposure level and smoker's quitting progress.
Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the assessment-guided intervention will lead to significant increases in rates of smoking cessation in the intervention group than the control group. Another hypothesis to be investigated is that designated intervention messages are effective to reduce the level of SHS participants and their family members exposed to.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brief cessation advice + Nicotine replacement Therapy + Instant Messaging + Financial Incentives | Experimental | Participants will receive a special designed evidence-based intervention using health advice, behavioral and pharmacological support, mobile health technologies, and awareness building (highlight harms) based on the biofeedback results of SHS exposure in the child. A selected sample of 50 families will receive environmental assessment-derived intervention, including results interpretation and health advice, which will be provided via phone calls for the 50 families within 1 week after the data collection. |
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| Brief cessation advice (AWARD) + Waitlist for same intervention | Active Comparator | Participants in the control group will receive the same AWARD brief advice model, self-help booklet at baseline, and financial incentives for validated abstinence at 3- and 6-month follow-up. After the 6-month follow-up, participants who continued to smoke will receive the remaining intervention components: 1-week sampling of NRT and 3 months instant messaging chat-based personalized psychosocial and behavioural counselling for quitting. Participants who validated abstinence at the 12 months or actively engaged in mobile Health counselling will also receive the financial incentives of HK$ 500 and HK$ 200, respectively (waitlist control). Similar to the Intervention group, environmental assessment derived intervention, including results interpretation and health advice, will be provided via phone calls for the 50 families within 1 week after the data collection. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brief cessation advice (AWARD) | Behavioral | Ask about smoking history, Warn about the high risk of smoking, Advise to quit as soon as possible, Refer to the smoking cessation services, and Do it again (if the smokers refuse to set a quit date). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Biochemically validated abstinence | Defined as exhaled carbon monoxide level <4ppm and saliva cotinine level ≤30ng/ml | 6-month after recruitment |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Self-reported 7-day point prevalence quit rate (for smokers) | Smokers who did not smoke even a puff in the 7 days preceding the follow-up | 3- and 6-month after recruitment |
| Self-reported reduction rate (for smokers) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sophia SC Chan, PhD | Contact | 85239176610 | nssophia@hku.hk |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The University of Hong Kong | Recruiting | Hong Kong | China |
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| Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) | Drug | 1-week sampling of Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) will be provided to support quit attempt. Full pharmacological treatment (12-week) will be available if needed. |
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| Instant messaging Support (IM) | Behavioral | Chat-based mHealth personalized psychosocial and behavioural counselling (smoking cessation and SHS exposure reduction messages will be derived from previously tested interventional studies) using baseline children health and biofeedback data to support quitting throughout the intervention period of 3 months. |
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| Financial Incentive (FI) | Behavioral | A financial incentive (vouchers) of HK$ 500 will be provided for biochemically validated smoking abstinence at 3- and 6-month follow-up. Considering a possibly low engagement rate of the smokers in mHealth-based support (17% in our previous trial, non-engagement mostly due to busy work), additional HK$ 200 will be provided for participants who actively engaged in the mHealth counselling (defined by have discussed quitting process for >2 times) at 3-month follow-up. |
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| Self-help smoking cessation booklet | Behavioral | A well-designed self-help booklet will be provided to guide and provide detailed information on smoking cessation. The contents include information about the benefits of quitting, smoking and diseases, methods to quit, how to handle withdrawal symptoms, declaration of quitting, etc. |
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| Environmental assessment derived intervention | Behavioral | In a selected subgroup of 50 families with an additional signed consents, four home visits will be done to: 1. Setup an indoor air quality (IAQ) monitor to collect 24hr air quality data (2 weeks), 2. Collect the monitor for data retrieval, 3. Setup the monitor at 6 months follow-up (2 weeks), 4. Collect the monitor for data retrieval. Environmental assessment derived intervention, including results interpretation and health advice, will be provided via phone calls for the 50 families within 1 week after the data collection. |
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Defined by at least 50% reduction in baseline daily number of cigarettes.
| 3- and 6-month after recruitment |
| Self-reported intention to quit (for smokers) | Defined by readiness to quit in 30 days. | 3- and 6-month after recruitment |
| Smoking cessation service use (for smokers) | The number of calling a hotline of the smoking cessation services, booking an appointment, smoking cessation clinic attendance, and counseling session attendance. | 3- and 6-month after recruitment |
| Self-rated health (for smokers) | Self-reported health status will be measured using a single-item scale (in general, would you say that your health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?") | 3- and 6-month after recruitment |
| Children's secondhand smoke exposure (for children) | The children's SHS exposure will be assessed by the nicotine or cotinine level in urine, saliva, or hair using isotope dilution liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with a limit of detection of < 50 parts per trillion. | 3- and 6-month after recruitment |
| Academic performance (for children) | Participant's academic performance will be assessed by "In general, would you say your academic performance is Excellent/Very good/Good/Fair/Poor?" | 3- and 6-month after recruitment |
| Cognitive function (for children) | Participant's cognitive function will be assessed by "In general, would you say your cognitive function is Excellent/Very good/Good/Fair/Poor?" | 3- and 6-month after recruitment |
| Self-reported secondhand smoke exposure (for children and family member) | Self-reported secondhand smoke exposure will be measured using a single-item scale (In the past week, have you inhaled secondhand smoke in your home? No or Yes, for___days) | 3- and 6-month after recruitment |
| Quality of life (for smokers and family member) | Quality of life will be measured by Health-related Quality of life-short form (SF12), which contains eight dimensions (General Health, Physical Function, Role Physical, Bodily Pain, Vitality, Social Functioning, Role Emotional, and Mental Health). The scale ranges from 0 to 100, with the higher the score, the better and healthier they feel subjectively. | 3- and 6-month after recruitment |
| Depression and anxiety (for smokers, family member and children) | The Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) will be used to measure depression and anxiety. The 4-item questionnaire consists of a 2-item depression sub-scale and 2-item anxiety sub-scale. The questions are answered on a four-point Likert Scale. The sum of the scores is categorized into normal (0-2), mild (3-5), moderate (6-8) and severe (9-12). The total score of 3 or greater on each sub-scale suggest depression or anxiety, respectively. | 3- and 6-month after recruitment |
| Family well-being (for smokers, family member and children) | Family well-being will be measured by family health, harmony, and happiness (3Hs): three separate questions asked, "How healthy/harmonious/happy do you think your family is?" and will be answered using an 11-point scale ranging from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating higher level of family well-being. | 3- and 6-month after recruitment |
| Respiratory symptoms (for smokers, family member and children) | Respiratory symptoms will be measured by a single-item scale (In the past week, if you have had any of the following symptoms, with the response of having trouble with your eyes, sore throat, cough, shortness of breath, runny nose, loss of appetite, and rapid heartbeat). | 3- and 6-month after recruitment |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D016540 | Smoking Cessation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015438 | Health Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003419 | Crisis Intervention |
| D000095488 | Nicotine Replacement Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011613 | Psychotherapy |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
| D004358 | Drug Therapy |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
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